BOT1010 test ONE

A researcher is investigating the effect of moderate wine consumption on
cardiovascular health. An example of a hypothesis (tentative explanation) that best addresses the question would be:
A. Red wine contains antioxidants.
B. Red wine is popular in Italy, which has a lower rate of heart attacks than the US.
C. Red wine drinkers will have fewer heart attacks than non-drinkers.
D. Red wine prevents heart attacks by slowing plaque deposition in arteries

D. Red wine prevents heart attacks by slowing plaque deposition in arteries

P ≤ 0.05 means that scientists will not state a conclusion unless it has ____ probability of being wrong.
A. No
B. Relatively little
C. 0.05% or less
D. 5% or less
E. 50% or less

D. 5% or less

Genetic variation within a population is needed for
evolution to occur.
A. True
C. It depends on
B. False
the situation

A. True

The definitive difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that eukaryotes
A. are bigger
B. are more efficient
C. are not pathogens
D. have a nucleus
E. are multicellula

D. have a nucleus

All of these are examples of only the "sheets" (surface transfer) metapattern except:

• People and goods move among buildings, parks, and vehicles on a city streetscape

• Electrons move along a chain of protein molecules on a highly-folded membrane inside a cell

• Water, ions, and sugars move through pores in a cell membrane, but cytoplasmic proteins cannot pass through the membrane pores

• A leaf (or a solar panel) absorbs light energy and changes it to electrical energy

• O, & CO, pass through a cell membran

Water, ions, and sugars move through pores in a cell membrane, but cytoplasmic proteins cannot pass through the membrane pore

A chloroplast or small bacterium is about times smaller than your
fingernail
A. 4
B. 100
C. 1000
D. 10,000
E. 100,000

D. 10,000

In humans, females prefer tall males over short males. Tall males require more food than short males. Food supply has been and is limited for most human populations. These selective pressures would most likely lead to.
selection for height
in human males.

• Directional

• Disruptive

• Stabilizing

• Frequency-dependent

• Lack of

Stabilizing

Genetic variation within a population is needed for
evolution to occur.

A. True
C. It depends on
B. False
the situation

A. True

A major story happening in this cell "slice" is
DNA is being organized and used

• The cytoskeleton is maintaining cell shape

• Proteins are being "tagged" for export to the cell membrane

• Proteins are being "tagged" for use in the cytosol

• Proteins are being inserted by ribosomes into the Golgi apparatus for processing.

Proteins are being "tagged" for use in the cytosol

The evidence (all are actual findings) that is the least relevant to testing the hypothesis that anthropogenic (human-caused) CO_ is the main driver of global climate change is:

• Combustion, manufacturing, concrete hardening, and agriculture produce measurable CO, emissions.

• High [CO,] is correlated with high global temperatures in the last 400K years.

• Tropical forests sequester (remove and store) CO,, but they are being steadily lost to agriculture (which releases CO2).
  [CO,] has steadily increased, but two recent winters in the NE USA were among the coldest and snowiest on record.

• Solar intensity follows an 11-year cycle, but global temperatures have risen steadily in the last 30 years

[CO2,] has steadily increased, but two recent winters in the NE USA were among the coldest and snowiest on record

Multicelluar advatages

• Alot of cells

• size and complexity

• different functions

Classification

PUT IN NOTES

Hypothesis vs Prediction

Tentative explanation vs expected outcome

independant variable

Dependant variable

occam’s razor

Overall Process for Protiens

• Gene in DNA in nucleus: codes for RNA “message” to make a protein product

• Ribosome: make protien

• Modified in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

• tagged for shipping in Golgi Aperatus

Center = nucleaus (top circle)

String like pink tubes = messenger RNA

Orange networks = Chromosomes (dna + protien)

Large pink structures = protien syntesis (everystep combing to create a protien)

long braid like tube = cytoskeloten

What is happening??

Insertion of protien to ER from Golgi

Proteins travel through???

the cytoskeleton (through microtubles)

Motor proteins travel with who?

Miosin and Dinin

Eukaryote Cytoskeleton

• Cell shape and movement

• cell division

• Transport withen cell

Cytoskeleton Metapattern

Holoons and Clonons

Origin of organelles: mitochondria

Ancestal eukarotic cell + aerobic bacterim = Eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion

Origin of organelles: chloroplast

Eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion + photosyntheic bacterium = Eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion AND chloroplast.

Containing and Shiping

Golgi Apperatus

Sheets

transfer surface for matter, energy, or information; fish gills, solar col-

lectors

Spheres

maximum volume, minimum surface, containment; grapes, domes.

Tubes

surface transfer, connection, support; leaf veins, highways, chains of

command

Webs and Networks

parts in relationships within systems subsystems of cells, organisms, ecosystems, machines, society.

Borders

protection, openings for controlled exchange; cell membranes, national borders

Binary

minimal and thus efficient system; two sexes, two-party politics, bi-furcating decision process

Emergence

general phenomenon when a new type of functionality derives from binaries or webs; life from molecules, cognition from neurons.

Centers

key components of system stability; DNA, social insect centers, politi-cal constitutions and government.

Layers

levels of webs, in which successive systems are parts of larger systems; biological nesting from biomolecules to ecosystems, human social nesting, engineering designs, computer software

Gradient

continuum of variation between binary poles; chemical waves in cell development, human quantitative and qualitative values.

Holons vs Clonons

parts of systems as functionally unique vs interchangeable; heart-lungs-liver (holons) of body vs skin cells (clonons) of the skin

Prokaryote cell structure

Cell wall: outside layer

Cell membrane: seperate inner and outter layer

cytoplasm: jelly like substance filling cell

chromosome: DNA

flagellum: motors that provide movement

Leaf cross section

• Epidermis

• mesoophyll

• vascular bundle

• Epidermis

  • stomata

Light Absorbtion spectrum

Purple and Red bounce off easier so middle colors get to be absorbed