Ch1

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Biology

Cells

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47 Terms

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Anatomy

The study of structure and the relationships among structures.

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Physiology

The study of how body structures function.

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Homeostasis

A condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment.

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Metabolism

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

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Responsiveness

The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment.

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Differentiation

The change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state.

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Autopsy

A postmortem examination of the body to determine the cause of death.

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Intracellular fluid

Fluid inside body cells.

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Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Fluid outside body cells.

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Interstitial fluid

Fluid filling narrow spaces between cells of tissues.

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Plasma

ECF found in blood vessels.

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Lymph

ECF found within lymphatic vessels.

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Cerebrospinal fluid

ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord.

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Synovial fluid

ECF found in joints.

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Aqueous humor

Fluid within the eyes.

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Negative feedback system

A feedback system that reverses a change in a controlled condition.

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Positive feedback system

A feedback system that enhances or reinforces a change in a controlled condition.

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Baroreceptors

Pressure-sensitive cells that detect changes in blood pressure.

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Symptoms

Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer.

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Signs

Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure.

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Diagnosis

The art of determining the nature of a disease.

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Anatomical position

A standardized method of observing or imaging the body.

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Prone position

Lying face down.

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Supine position

Lying face up.

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Cranial cavity

Space formed by cranial bones containing the brain.

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Vertebral canal

Space formed by the vertebral column containing the spinal cord.

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Meninges

Three layers of protective tissue lining cranial and vertebral cavities.

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Thoracic cavity

Cavity containing pleural and mediastinal cavities.

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Pleural cavities

Two cavities that enclose the lungs.

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Pericardial cavity

Cavity that surrounds the heart.

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Abdominopelvic cavity

Cavity divided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.

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Serous membrane

Thin membrane covering organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities.

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Visceral layer

Covering layer adhering to organs.

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Parietal layer

Lining layer of the cavity walls.

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Radiography

A branch of medical imaging that uses X-rays.

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Medical imaging

Techniques used to visualize the inside of the body for diagnosis.

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Epidemiology

The study of how diseases are transmitted among individuals.

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Pharmacology

The science dealing with the effects and uses of drugs in treatment.

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Clinical connection

Examples linking theoretical knowledge to practical applications.

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Chemical level

The smallest level of structural organization in the body.

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Systems

Related organs that work together for common functions.

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Tissues

Groups of similarly specialized cells and the substances surrounding them.

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Organs

Structures composed of two or more different tissues with specific functions.

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Oblique section

A cut made at an angle to the planes of the body.

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Cavities

Spaces within the body that protect and support internal organs.

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Body regions

Specific names for areas of the body for reference.

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Directional terms

Terms used to accurately locate body parts relative to each other.