EUKARYOTES: FUNGI

Fungi

absence of photosynthesis and the lack motility are the characteristics of…

They differ from plants in that they lack chlorophyll and do not perform photosynthesis; they differ from animals by having cell walls; genetic sequencing have shown that fungi and animals are related.

Division Zygomycota

Zygospores

Zygospores

Coenocytic (aseptate)

Zygospores

Rhizopus

Division Ascomycota

Ascospores

Ascospores

Septate: some associated with cyanobacteria or green algae to form lichens

Ascospores

Claviceps

Saccharomyces

Eupinicillium

Tuber

Neurospora

Division Basidiomycota

Basidiospores

Division Ascomycota

Division Basidiomycota

Deuteromycetes

they are septate

Basidiospores

Agarics

Cortinellis

Cryptococcus

Amanita

Deuteromycetes

Histoplasma

Trichophyton

Division Zygomycota

are coenocytic molds called zygomycete; of the approximately 1100 species known, most are saprobes, the rest are obligate parasites of insects and other fungi.

zygomycetes

Until 2003, taxonomist have thought microsporidia were protozoa, but genetic analysis indicates they are more similar to …; they are obligatory intracellular parasites an example is Nosema, which is parasitic on insects such as silkworms and honeybees.

Nosema

EPA has approved one species of … as a biological control agent for grasshoppers.

Nosema and Microsporidium

Seven genera of microsporidia, including …are known to cause diseases in immunocompromised patients.

Division Zygomycota

Rhizopus (black bread mold is belongs to what division?

Division Ascomycota

This division a contains about 32,000 known species of molds and yeast that are characterized by the formation of haploid ascospores within sacs called asci

Asci

occur in fruiting bodies called ascocarps, which have various shapes.

Ascomycetes

as they are called, also reproduce asexually by conidospores (e.g. Penicillium)

Ascomycetes

are familiar and economically important fungi. For example, most fungi that spoil food are …

Division Ascomycota

This group also includes that pathogens such as the causative agents of Dutch elm disease and chestnut blight, which have almost eliminated their host trees in many parts of the United States.

Claviceps purpurea

grows as hyphae on kernels of rye, wheat and barley produces a substance called ERGOT- an alkaloids;

ergotism

products such as bread made from rye grain may cause ergot rye disease called …- manifested with the following symptoms; numbness, hot and cold sensations, convulsions with epileptic-type seizures and paralysis of the nerve endings.

Penicillium mold

source of penicillin

Saccharomyces

which ferments sugar to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide gas, is the basis of the baking and brewing industries

Truffles (varieties of Tuber)

grow as mycorrhizae in association with oak and beech trees to form delectable culinary delights.

black diamond

black truffle

Ascocarps

(fruiting bodies) of the common morel

Morchellaesculenta

a delectable edible ascomycete.

pits

lined with asci, sacs that contain numerous ascopores

Neurospora

pink bread mold, has been an important tool in genetics and biochemistry.

green algae or cyanobacteria

Many ascomycetes partner with … to form lichens.

Division Basidiomycota

A walk through fields and woods in most parts of the world may reveal mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, jelly fungi, bird’s nest fungi, or bracket fungi, all of which are the visible fruiting bodies of the almost 22,000 known species of fungi in the…

Basidiocarps

Mushrooms and other fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes are called

basidia

The entire structure of a basidiocarp consist of tightly woven hyphae that extend into multiple, often club-shaped projections called …, the ends of which produce sexual basidiospores (typically four of each basidium). (Amanita muscaria )

Crucibulum

Basidiocarps (fruiting bodies) of the bird’s nest fungus,….

basidiocarps

The familiar shapes of mushrooms are also … of extensive mycelia.

Amanita muscaria

death- cap mushroom that produces hallucinatory chemicals or toxins

Question: How can a novice distinguish between edible and poisonous mushrooms?

cellulose and lignin

Most Basidiomycetes are important decomposers that digest chemicals such as …in dead plants and return nutrients to the soil.

Cryptococcus neoformans

The Basidiomycete yeast … is the leading cause of fungal meningitis.

rusts and smuts

basidiomycetes are …, which causes millions of dollars in crop loss each year.

Division Deuteromycetes

The Fungi Imperfecti or the Imperfect Fungi

Division Deuteromycetes

Because scientist have not observed sexual reproduction in all fungi, taxonomists in the middle of the 20th century created this division to contain the fungi whose sexual stages are unknown-either because they do not produce sexual spores or because their sexual spores have not been observed

Division Ascomycota

More recently, however, the analysis of rRNA sequences has revealed that most deuteromycetes in fact belong in the …, and thus modern taxonomists have abandoned Deuteromycota as a formal taxon. Nevertheless, many medical laboratory technologists, health care practitioners, and scientist continue to refer to ”deuteromycetes” because it is a traditional name.

deuteromycetes

are either terrestrial saprobes, pathogens of plants, or pathogens of other fungi. Several genera are pathogenic to humans.

Division Deuteromycetes

There are 25,000 species have been identified.

Histoplasma

Agent of Histoplasmosis (Systemic Disease-pulmonary, cutaneous, ocular, systemic)

Histoplasma

found in moist soil containing high levels of nitrogen (from droppings of bats, and birds, especially chickens, starlings, and blackbirds) prolonged exposure to these may be hazardous the disease does not affect birds or bats

trychophyton

agents of ringworm infections