Reformation and Renaissance Review Flashcards

These flashcards encompass vocabulary and key concepts from the Reformation and Renaissance periods, focusing on significant figures, ideas, and commodities essential for exam preparation.

Indulgences

Payments made to the Church to reduce punishment for sins.

Simony

The buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example, church offices.

Predestination

The doctrine that God has eternally chosen those whom he intends to save.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin.

Council of Trent

A major ecumenical council of the Catholic Church that convened to address issues of the Reformation.

Martin Luther

A German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation by challenging the Catholic Church.

Henry VIII

King of England who founded the Church of England and separated from the Catholic Church.

John Knox

A leader of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland.

John Calvin

A theologian whose teachings influenced Protestantism, particularly in Geneva.

Charles V

The Holy Roman Emperor during the time of the Reformation.

Elizabeth I

The Queen of England who established Protestantism and defeated the Spanish Armada.

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and a significant figure in the Catholic Counter-Reformation.

95 Thesis

Martin Luther's list of propositions challenging the Catholic Church's practices.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

A massacre of Huguenots in France in 1572, significant for increasing religious conflict.

Sola Scriptura

A Reformation principle asserting that Scripture is the sole infallible authority.

Astrolabe

An ancient instrument used for solving problems related to time and the position of the stars.

Magnetic Compass

A navigational instrument that utilizes the Earth's magnetic field to determine direction.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century.

Carrack

A large merchant ship of a kind that was used from the 14th to the 17th century.

Lateen Sail

A triangular sail that was crucial for navigation around the Mediterranean.

Stern Post Rudder

A steering device that improved the control of ships.

The Dutch East India Company

A powerful company that established trade routes and trading posts in Asia.

Spices

High-value commodities traded during the age of exploration.

Silver

A valuable metal that was a key export from the Americas to Europe.

Sugar

A significant commodity in trade which was produced mainly in plantations.

Slaves

People who were forcibly taken and used for labor, especially in the Americas during the age of exploration.

Lorenzo de Medici

A prominent patron of the arts during the Renaissance in Florence.

Pope Julius II

A pope known for his patronage of the arts, including the commissioning of the Sistine Chapel.

Johann Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press, which greatly facilitated the spread of information.

Vernacular

The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.