Ch. 16 the Reproductive System test study guide

1\.       What are the two major functions of the testes?

\-          Contains seminiferous Tubules (tightly coiled structures) (FUNCTION AS SPERM FORMING FACTORIES)



\-          Sperm travel from testes to the epididymis



\-          Interstitial cells in the testis PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE

1\.       What is the role of the seminiferous tubules?

\-          Sperm forming factories

1\.       Name the organs of the male duct system from the scrotum to the body exterior.

\-          Duct system: epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra



\-          External genitalia : penis, scrotum

1\.       What is the function of each of these components of semen- sperm and seminal fluid?

\-          Semen:



\-          Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions



\-          Fructose provides energy for sperm cells



\-          Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic enviroment of the vagina and fertilize the females eggs (seminal fluid)



\-          Semen inhibits bacterial multiplication



\-          Elements of sperm enhance sperm motility



\-          One ml of semen contains 50-150 million sperm



Sperm fertilizes the egg.



Seminal fluid (seminal vesicles 60%, prostate, bulbourethral)grgm serves as a transport medium for sperm and various substances that nourish and protect sperm and various substances that nourish and protect the person or aid their movement.

1\.       What type of gamete and hormones do the ovaries produce?

\-          The type of gamete ovaries produce are eggs (ova)



\-          Ovaries produce estrogen (only female) and progesterone (both male and female)

1\.       Which organ of the female duct system serves as an “incubator” for fetal development? What is the most common site of fertilization?

\-          THE UTERUS SERVES AS AN INCUBATOR FOR THE FETAL DEVELOPMENT



\-          It receives, retains, and nurtures the fertilized egg and also participates in childbirth.



\-          The uterus is held in place by the broad ligament, round ligaments, and uterosacral ligaments.



\-          The wall of the uterus includes the perineum (outside), myometrium (middle) and endometrium (inside)



\-          THE UNTERINE TUBES (fallopian tubes) ARE THE MOST COMMON SITE OF FERTILZATION



\-          Are not physically connected to the ovaries but have fimbriae on their ends to “wave” the egg inside after ovulation.

1\.       What name is given to an ovarian follicle that is ready to ovulate?

\-          Vesicular (Graafian) follicle



\-          It is a mature follicle whose developing egg will leave the ovary during ovulation.



\-          The ruptured follicle becomes a hormone-producing corpus luteum

1\.       Which pituitary hormone promotes follicle development in the ovary?

\-          Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

1\.       Which pituitary hormone causes ovulation?

\-          Luteinizing hormone (LH)

1\.       Which ovarian hormone promotes the formation of female secondary sex characteristics?

\-          Estrogen

1\.       What happens during each of the phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle?

DAY 1-5: MENSTRAL PHASE:



\-          The functional layer of the thick endometrial ling of the uterus is detaching from the uterine wall.



\-          Menstrual flow for 3-5 days—detached tissue and blood



\-          By day 5, growing ovarian follicles are beginning to produce more estrogen



 



DAY 6-14: PROLIFERATION PHASE:



\-          Rising estrogen levels produced by the growing follicles of the ovaries stimulate the regeneration of endometrium (becomes velvety, thick, well vascularized)



\-          Ovulation occurs in the ovary at he end of this stage (on day 14) in response to the sudden surge of LH in the blood



\-          Ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum



 



DAY 15-28: SECRETORY PHASE:



\-          Corpus luteum is the ovary produces progesterone. Progesterone increases the blood supply of the endometrium even more, causes endometrial glands to enlarge and to secrete nutrients into the uterine cavity.



\-          If fertilization occurs, the embryo produces a hormone very similar to LH that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone



\-          If fertilization doesn’t occur, LH drops and corpus luteum degenerates. Ovaries then stop making hormones (no follicles, not corpus luteum)



\-          Lack of ovarian hormones—blood vessels of endometrial linings go into spasms—endometrial cells die—menses begin again on day 28

1\.       What are the functions of progesterone in women?

The main function of progesterone in women is to prepare the endometrium (lining of uterus) for a fertilized egg to implant and grow (non-pregnant women). If a pregnancy doesn’t occur, the endometrium sheds during your period. If conception occurs, progesterone increases to support/maintain the pregnancy (pregnant women). Prepares breast for milk (pregnant women)



\-          1. Progesterone increases the blood supply of the endometrium even more, 2. causes endometrial glands to enlarge and to secrete nutrients into the uterine cavity.



\-          If fertilization occurs the embryo produces a hormone very similar to LH that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone



\-          If fertilization doesn’t occur, LH drops and corpus luteum degenerates. Ovaries then stop making hormones (no follicles, not corpus luteum)



Progesterone (1) causes the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, (2) helps prepare the breasts for lactation, and (3) helps quiet the uterine muscle to maintain pregnancy.

1\.       How does cleavage differ from cell divisions occurring after birth?

\-          Early mitotic divisions of the zygote are called cleavage; this provides large numbers of smaller cells that allow for development to continue, resulting in cells with a high surface volume ration and providing a larger number of cells to serve as building for constructing the embryo



\-          Cleavage involves successive divisions not separated by growth of the cells, so the cells get smaller with each division.

1\.       What are the roles of the placenta?

\-          Delivers nutrients and oxygen to, and removes wastes from the embryonic blood



\-          By the end of 8 weeks, the placenta is producing estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones to maintain pregnancy and the corpus luteum degenerates.



\-          When is the placenta developed (check powerpoint)

1\.       Explain how pregnancy affects a woman’s respiratory and digestive processes.

Digestive process:



\-          Many women have heartburn because the increased uterus crowds the stomach.



\-          Constipation occurs because mobility of the digestive tract decreases.



\-          Increased urination and stress incontinence because of the baby resting on the bladder



 



Respiratory processes:



\-          Widening of the thorax as uterus as the uterus pushes into the thoracic cavity, shifts in the center of gravity.



\-          Nasal stiffness and difficulty breathing are common.



\-          Increased respiratory rate and shortness of breath



\-          Increases blood volume, blood pressure, and heart rate

1\.       What are the three stages of labor? What happens during each?

Dilation- the time from the beginning of true contractions until the cervix is fully dilated (6-12 hrs or more)



Expulsion- the time from full dilation to delivery of the infant (20 minutes-2 hours)



\-          if this stage is difficult and prolonged (a condition called dystocia) and the infant doesn’t get enough oxygen, a cesarean section (c-section) may be performed to speed delivery via surgery.



Placental- delivery of the placenta and membranes (afterbirth) (15-mins)

Short answer question

# What the 4 hormones are and what are they doing, rising and falling, what they are impacting (female)

know that

THE MALE ANATOMY IS GOING TO BE ON IT//LABELING

Unlike the other body systems, the reproductive system doesn’t become active until

puberty

Gonad

primary sex organs

a. testes--in males

b. ovaries--in females

Gonads produce

gametes (sex cells) and secreate hormones

Sperm

male gametes

ova (eggs)

female gametes

Parts of the male reproductive system

Testes

a. duct system: epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra

b. accessory glands: seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands,

d. external genitalia: penis, scrotum

Epididymis (male)

a. comma shaped, tightly coiled tube (20 ft long) attached to the testes

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b. function to mature (20 days) and store sperm cells

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c. expelled sperm with the contraction of muscles in the epididymis walls to the ductus deferens

Ductus deferens

a. carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

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b. passes around the bladder

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c. moves sperm by peristalsis

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d. Terminates in the ejculatory duct with unites with the urethra

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Ejaculation

smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus deferens create peristaltic waves to squeeze sperm forward

Uretha

a. extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis

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b. carries both urine and semen

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c. sperm enters form the ejaculatory duct

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d. when ejaculation occurs , the bladder sphincter closes, while prevents urine from entering the urethra and semen from entering the bladder

Seminal Vesicles

a. located at the bade of the seminal vesicles

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b. produces a thick, yellowish secretion (makes up 60%) of seminal fluid

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c. contains fructose, vitamin c, prostagladins, and other substances that nourish and activate sperm

Prostate

a. encircles the upper part of the urethra

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b. secretes a milky fluid that helps to activate sperm

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c. prostatis--inflammation of the prostate

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d. prostate cancer--3rd most common cancer in males

Bulbourethral glands

a. peas-sized gland interior to the prostate

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b. produces a thick, clear mucus--secreated into the urethra

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c. mucus cleanses the urine prior to ejaculation

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d. serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse

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Scrotum

a. sac of skin outside of the abdomen

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b. maintains testes at 3\*c lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability

Penis

a. Delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract

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b. region of the penis include

* shaft
* glans penis (enlarged tip)
* prepuce (foreskin)--folded cuff of skin around the glans penis --often removed by circumcision

Spermatogeneis

a. production of sperm cells

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b. begins at puberty and continues throughout life

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c. occurs in the seminiferous tubules in the testes

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d. takes 64-72 days

Anatomy of a mature sperm cell

a. the only human flagellated cell

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b. head: contains DNA, acrosome “helmet” on the nucleus--similar to a lysosome

* breaks down and release enzymes to help the sperm permeate the egg

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c. midpiece--wrapped with mitochondria for ATP production

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d. tail--propels sperm

Testosterone production

a. produced in the interstitial cells in the testis

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b. during puberty, LH activate interstitial cells

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c. in turn testosterone is produced

Functions of testosterone

a. stimulates reproductive organ development

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b. underlies sex drive

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c. causes male secondary characteristcs

* voice deepened
* increased hair growth
* enlargement of skeletal muscles
* thickening of bones

Ovaries

a. are the primary reproductive organs that produce estrogen and eggs (ova).

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b. contain ovarian follicles that each contain developing oocytes surrounded by follicle cells

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c. they are held in place by ligaments

Vesicular follicle

is a mature, and its developing egg will leave the ovary during ovulation

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the ruptured follicle becomes a hormone-producing corpus luteum

Female duct system

uterine tubes, uterus and vagina

Uterine Tubes (fallopian tubes)

a. are not physically connnect to the ovaries

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b. have fimbriae on their ends to wave the eggs inside after ovulation PROVIDE A SITE FOR FERTILIZATION

Uterus

a. receives, retains and nurtures the fertilized egg and also participates in childbirth

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b. it is held in place by the broad ligament, round ligaments and uterosacral ligaments

Fundus (female)

the region of the uterus superior to the uterine tubes

Body (female)

main portion

Cervix

narrow outlet protruding into the vagina

the wall of the uterus includes

the endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium

Vagina

is the female copulatory organ and the birth canal; it is partially closed by the hymen, though a variety of activates can cause it to rupture

The external genitalia or vulva (female) include

* mons pubis
* labia major and labia minora
* vestibule
* clitoris
* Greater Vestibular glands
* Perineum

mons pubis

the fatty rounded area anterior to the pubic bone

* labia major and labia minora

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elongated folds of skin running posteriorly from the mons pubis

* vestibule

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the area inside the labia and surrounding the urethra

clitoris

a small sensitive protruding structure anterior to the vestibule

Greater Vestibular glands

mucus producing glands lateral to the vagina

Perineum

the diamond shaped region between the anterior labial folds and the anus

Oogenesis

is the production of eggs; it begins with stem cells (oogonia) that produce primary oocytes

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maturation of the follicle and egg (drives the menstrual cycle)

Estrogen

a. drives the ovarian cycle and stimulates secondary sex characteristics such as

* breast development,
* growth of auxiliary and pubic hair,
* increased fat deposits
* widening and lightening of the pelvis and menses
* also had metabolic effects

Progesterone

is produced by the corpus luteum in response to the presence of LH

Chamber that houses the developing fetus

uterus

canal that receives the penis during sexual intercourse

vagina

usual site of fertilization

uterine tubes (fallopian)

erects during sexual intimacy

clitoris

duct through which the oven travels to reach the uterus

oviduct

membrane partially closes the vagianl canal

cervix

primary female reproductive organ

ovary

move to create currents to draw the ovulated egg into the uterine tube

fimbriae

lining of the uterus

endometrium

muscular layer of the uterus

myometrium

structure producing hormones and gametes

ovaries

help to anchor the uterus and ovaries

round + uterosacral ligaments

tubular storage site for sperm; hugs the posterior aspect of the uterus

epididymus

cut off skin encircling the glans penis

prepuce

site of testosterone production

testes

surround the urethra at the base of the bladder; produces a milky fluid

prostate

connective tissue sheath enclosing the ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves

spermatic cord

passage way from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

ductus deferens

produce more than half of the seminal fluid

seminal vesicles

organ that delivers semen to the female reproductive tact

penis

conveys both sperm and urine down the length of the penis

urethra

external sca that houses the testes

scrotum

Mammary Glands

a. are modified sweat glands that are present in BOTH sexes but function milk production in females.

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Aerola

pigmented area of the breast around the nipple

alvelar glands

when a woman is lactating, milk is produced here

Lactiferous ducts and sinuses

the milk produced from the alvelar glands is emptied through these ducts and sinuses and exits in the nipple

Breast Cancer

2nd most common cause of death in American women

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mammography can detect breast cancers while they are still very small and increase survival rates

Pregnancy

event from the time of fertilization to birth

Conceptus

developing offspring

gestation period

time development occurs (date of last period through birth)

Embryo

fertilization through 8 weeks

fetus

week 9 through birth

fertilization

* occurs in the uterine tubes


* eggs viable for 12-24 hours after ovulation;sperm can survive in the female reproductive tract for about 5 days

Acrosomal reaction

* when sperm swarm the egg, this reaction occurs, and enzymes begin to digest a path through the membranes of the egg; first sperm reach the egg is usually NOT the one to fertilize it.

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* occurs from the moment sperm DNA and ovum DNA merge, forming a ZYGOTE

Fetal period

growth and organ specialization are the focus, the fetus is “full-term” about 270 days after fertilization

Days 18-20

foundation of brain and spinal cord, nervous system are laid

Day 21

the heart begins to beat

Days 26-27

lungs begin to form

Days 28-32

tiny arms appear, budding legs follow two days later. The mouth and nose begin to form and blood flows in the baby’s veins

day 36

the baby’s eyes develop color

day 40-41

baby makes it first reflexive movements

day 42-44

brain is divided into parts for emotion, hearing, and seeing. Buds of teeth appear; 99% of muscles are present

Day 52

spontaneous movements begin. baby hiccups, frowns, squints, turns head, moves arms and legs, and yawns