Biology Lab Practical

Gene flow

The transfer of genetic variation between populations.

Genetic drift

Random changes in allele frequencies in a population.

Root

The base of a cladogram that represents the oldest common ancestor.

Sister taxa

Two lineages that share an immediate common ancestor.

Plesiomorphy

An ancestral trait shared by a group.

Apomorphy

A derived trait that differs from the ancestral trait.

Synapomorphy

A shared derived trait that defines a specific clade.

Homology

Similarity in traits due to shared ancestry.

Homoplasy

Similarity in traits due to convergent evolution.

Character matrix

A table of organisms and their traits used to construct cladograms.

Colony margin

The edge or border of a bacterial colony.

Entire margin

A smooth, even edge of a bacterial colony.

Undulate margin

A bacterial colony edge that is slightly wavy.

Lobate margin

A margin with large rounded projections in a bacterial colony.

Filamentous margin

A bacterial colony margin with hair-like projections.

Coccus

Spherical shaped bacteria.

Bacillus

Rod-shaped bacteria.

Spirillum

Spiral shaped bacteria.

Gram-positive

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that stains purple.

Gram-negative

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane that stains pink.

Zone of inhibition

A clear area around an antibiotic indicating bacterial sensitivity.

Cilia

Short hair-like structures used for movement in protists.

Flagella

Long whip-like structures used for movement in protists.

Pseudopodia

Cytoplasmic extensions used by protists for movement and feeding.

Excavata

A protist supergroup that includes Euglena.

SAR

A protist supergroup including stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians.

Archaeplastida

Supergroup that includes green algae and plants.

Amoebozoa

Supergroup that includes Amoeba.

Thallus

An undifferentiated plant body without true roots, stems, or leaves.

Gemmae cup

Structure used for asexual reproduction in liverworts.

Strobilus

Cone-like structure containing sporangia.

Sorus

A cluster of sporangia located on the underside of a fern frond.

Sporangium

Structure that produces spores through meiosis.

Rhizoid

A root-like anchoring structure that is not vascular.

Rhizome

A horizontal underground stem.

Gametophyte

The haploid generation that produces gametes.

Sporophyte

The diploid generation that produces spores.

Antheridium

The male reproductive structure that produces sperm.

Archegonium

The female reproductive structure that produces eggs.

Bryophyta

A plant group that includes mosses, which are nonvascular and gametophyte dominant.

Hepatophyta (Marchantiophyta)

A plant group that includes liverworts. Has gemma cups

Lycophyta

seedless vascular plants. little pine-like plant

Monilophyta

A plant group that includes ferns, has sori, seedless vascular

Coniferophyta

pine trees with cones and needle leaves, known as gymnosperms.

Ginkgophyta

fan shaped leaves

Cycadophyta

palm-like plants with large cones, cycads, gymnosperms

Gnetophyta

unusual gymnosperms like Ephedra, with jointed stems

Anthophyta

A plant group representing flowering plants (angiosperms).

Gymnosperms

Seed plants that have naked seeds and do not form fruits.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruit.

Pollen

The male gametophyte in seed plants.

Pollen tube

The structure that delivers sperm to the ovule in seed plants.

Double fertilization

A process where one sperm fertilizes the egg while the other forms the endosperm, specific to angiosperms.

Megasporangium

Structure that produces megaspores, typically female.

Microsporangium

Structure that produces microspores, typically male.

Dominant generation in seed plants

The sporophyte generation.

code for 0

trait absent, ancestral

code for 1

trait present, derived

code for 2

different version of derived trait

heterospory

production of two different types of spores

plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm from two cells

what do strobilus contain

cones containing reproductive structures in some plants.

characteristics of diatoms

unicellular algae with silica cell walls, photosynthetic, phytoplankton

structure that appears in paramecium when adding acetic acid

trichocysts

rhodophyta accessory pigments

phycobilins, chlorophyll A

characteristics of forarms

calcium carbonate shell, pseudopodia, marine

trypansoma life cycle

root + root flea

plasmodial slime mold physarum reproductive state

sporangia forms, meiosis, haploid spores

plasmodial slime mold physarum vegetative state

diploid mass of cytoplasm that feed thru phagocytosis

what does a spirogyra look like

green algae, fliamentous, spiral shaped cholorplasts

immature heart shape gametophyte is called

fern gametophyte prothallus

euglenozoans examples

trypansoma levisi, euglena

stramenoplies

diatoms, brown algae, watermolds

alveolates

paramecia, dinoflagellates, plasmodium

ameobozans

amoeba, physarum, dictyosetlium

SAR clade

protists: stramenoplies, alveolates, and rhizarians.

rhizarians

forminiferans, radiolarians

euglena

flagellum, eyespot

diatoms

glass silica shells

brown algae

kelp forests

paramecium

cilia

dinoflagellates

red tide

plasmodium

malaria

foraminiferans

Calcium carbonate shells

radiolarians

silica skeleton

amoeba

pseudopods

slime molds

aggregation