O Chem quiz II

What is an Arrhenius acid?

A substance that ionizes to yield protons (H+) when dissolved in water

What is an Arrhenius base?

A substance that ionizes to yield hydroxide ions (HO-) when dissolved in water

What is a Bronsted - Lowry acid?

A proton donor

What is a Bronsted - Lowry base?

A proton acceptor

What is a Lewis acid?

Electron pair acceptor

What is a Lewis base?

Electron pair donor

What is Amphoteric?

A molecule that’s capable of acting as an acid or base

What is Amphiprotic?

Capacity of a substance to either lose or gain a proton

What are the 6 strong acids we study?

HCl, HBr, HI, H₂SO₄, HNO₃, HClO₄

What are the 6 strong bases we study?

NaOH, LiOH, KOH, Ca(OH)₂, Ba(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂

Which 2 strong bases are only slightly soluble in water?

Ca(OH)₂ and Sr(OH)₂

What is Homolysis?

Bond cleavage in which both atoms contain one electron to produce free radicals

What are Free Radicals?

Neutral species containing an unpaired electron

What is Heterolysis?

Bond cleavage which leads to charged fragments (cation/anion)

What molecule is this?

Carbocations

What are the 2 things that stabilize a charged system?

Induction and delocalization through resonance structures

What type of carbon is this?

Primary carbon

What type of carbon is this?

Secondary carbon

What type of carbon is this?

Tertiary carbon

Which Carbocation is most stable?

Tertiary carbon is the most stable

Which Carbocation is least stable?

Methyl is the least stable

What molecule is this?

Carbanions

Which Carbanion is most stable?

Methyl is the most stable

Which Carbanion is least stable?

Tertiary carbon is the least stable

What is a Nucleophile?

A “nucleus loving species” includes any negative ion or neutral molecule that has an unshared electron pair

What is Nucleophilicity?

The tendency of a chemical species to donate an electron pair to an electrophile in order to form a covalent bond

What is a Electrophile?

“Electron loving species” Any electron deficient species

A negatively charged nucleophile is always …

A more reactive (better) nucleophile than its conjugate acid

If the nucleophilic atoms are different, compare electronegativities. The less electronegative …

The better the nucleophile

What makes a good leaving group?

A relatively stable molecule or ion that maintains its stability when the leaving group actually leaves

How does the strength of the base affect the favorability of the leaving group?

The stronger the base the worse the leaving group

What is polarizability?

The ability of an atom to distort its electron cloud

How does the size of an atom affect its polarizability?

The bigger the atom, the greater the polarizability

How does the polarizability of an atom affect the quality of its leaving group?

The greater the polarizability the better the leaving group

What is the abbreviation of this carboanion?

OMs

What is the abbreviation of this carboanion?

OTs

What is the abbreviation of this carboanion?

OTf

What are Protic solvents?

Solvents which contain a hydrogen attached to a highly electronegative element

What are polar aprotic solvents?

Solvent which does not contain a hydrogen attached to a highly electronegative element

Polar aprotic solvents can never …

Be used as a nucleophile

What is the abbreviation of this solvent?

THF

What is the name of this solvent?

Acetone

What is the name of this solvent?

DMF

What is the name of this solvent?

DMSO

What is the name of this solvent?

DME

What is the name of this solvent?

HMPA

What is the name of this solvent?

Diethyl ether

What is the name of this solvent?

Chloroform