COG PSYCH EXAM 1

Mapping

f(dimension in the world) = dimension in the representation

Donder's Pioneering Experiment- Simple Reaction Time

Light flashes-> perceive light-> press button

Donder's Pioneering Experiment- Choice Reaction Time

Right/Left Light flashes-> perceive light-> decide which button to press-> press button

Donder's Pioneering Experiment

First to show that mental responses cannot be measured directly but inferred from behavior

Ebbinghaus- Delayed recall/Learning experiment

Learned 3 letter nonsense words, measured savings-> took less and less time to relearn words

Ebbinghaus- Delayed recall/Learning takeaway

Quantifiable measurements and functions could describe mental processes

What idea of thinking did Wundt come up with?

Structuralism

Structuralism

Basic elements of experience can combine together to create overall experience. "Periodic table of mind"

Analytic introspection

self-description of experience using mental elements

What idea of thinking did Watson and Skinner come up with?

Behaviorism

Classical conditioning

pairing one stimulus with a neutral stimulus can change the response to a neutral stimulus.

Who helped with classical conditioning (watson/skinner)

watson

Operant conditioning

behavior strengthened by positive reinforcers (or withdrawal from negative reinforcers)

Who helped with operant conditioning (watson/skinner)

skinner

Tolman 4 arm maze

rat allowed to explore maze, rat incentivized by food to go to one arm, if rat is placed in a different location what happens?

What would behaviorists predict after the rat is relocated in the tolman 4 arm maze?

It would continue its behavior and keep turning right bc turning right= food

What did the rat do after it was relocated in the tolman 4 arm maze?

It turned left, accommodated for the relocation-> cognitive map

What are the 3 information processing approaches?

serial, parallel, distributed

Serial

one whole task at a time, after that the next task...

Parallel

individual tasks going on at the same time

Distributed

self-acting; tasks going on at the same time but self-regulate

Representation

An internal symbol that represents external reality.

What are the 3 representations

Language, network, map

Language

how we describe something

network

show connection between symbols

map

dimensions of world into dimensions of representation

Neuron doctrine

Individual cells rather than continuous nerve net

Types of synapses

inhibitory and excitatory

Inhibitory

decreases firing, lets in more negative ions

Excitatory

increasing firing, lets in more positive ions

Where is the frontal lobe located?

front of brain

Where is the parietal lobe located?

Behind the frontal lobe, top of head

Where is the occipital lobe located?

back of brain

Where is the temporal lobe located?

bottom of brain

Ventral is known as the __ pathway

what, perception of object

dorsal is known as the __ pathway

where, location of object

ventral is in the __ lobe

temporal

dorsal is in the __ lobe

parietal

Contralateral

opposite side of the body

Hubel and Wiesel cat experiment

cat raised in either only vertical or only horizontal-> neurons only fire at the lines they were raised in

Neurons respond to specific features such as orientation, movement, and length. (T/F)

T

Experience-dependent plasticity

structure of brain change by experience.

3 kinds of sensory coding

specificity, population, sparse

specificity coding

the idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object

population coding

representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of all neurons

sparse coding

neural coding based on the pattern of activity in small groups of neurons

Wernicke's aphasia

meaning fluent and grammatically correct but tended to be incoherent

Broca's aphasia

syntax slow, labored, ungrammatical speech, comprehension intact

Single dissociation

A influences behavior X but not behavior Y - Cannot establish mechanistic link

Double dissociation

A influences behavior X but not behavior Y; B influences behavior Y but not behavior X = X and Y are mechanistically different

PET

spatial cm, temporal > 30 sec, slow, uses radioactive tracers

fMRI

Spatial 2mm, temporal 2 sec; measure oxygen needed to fire neuron; slow, fMRI are precise spatially, Can't find causality- only can observe what is happening

FFA

identification of faces

PPA

identifies places

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Recording taken at the scalp, measures changes in voltage across groups of neurons , spatial 8 cm, temporal 1 ms (great temporal)

TMS

Direct affects action potentials, Great temporal resolution, Can establish causality, But great variability between participants

temporal resolution

precision of a measurement with respect to time

spatial resolution

the ability to detect and represent differences in spatial location

Transcranial direct current stimulation

steady state current tweaks membrane polarization, stimulation is diffuse and wide-spread, requires minutes of stimulation, Can establish causality

motor cortex map

Specific areas for movement of that body part-> NEW: also integrate higher level cognition areas to enable planning

somatosensory cortex map

Specific parts for touch info from that body part.

Formatiosn of maps happen bc

Plasticity in the hippocampus

London taxi drivers have bigger/smaller hippocampus

bigger

Greebles

Special training to tell apart the Greebles, Learned to identify quickly-> Showed that people can become experts at Greebles and that face recognition isn't special

Form does not follows function (T/F)

F

Bottom-Up

Taking information from the environment and building a percept from it.

Top-Down

Using context, expectation, and previous experience to inform what is being perceived.

What are the gestalt principles

simplicity, good continuation, familiarity, closure, proximity

Bayesian Inference

P(hyp | evidence)= P(evidence | hyp)* P(hyp)/P(evidence)

Posterior Probability

P ( hyp | evidence)

Likelihood

P (evidence | hyp)

Prior Probability

P (hyp)

marginal

P (evidence)

What does the Thatcher illusion demonstrate?

faces are special

FFA is only for faces (T/F)

F

What are arguments against faces being special?

Greebles, monkey raised w/ no faces

Rubber hand- Multimodal perception

Feel sensation in rubber hand as your own

McGurk Effect- Multimodal perception

ba vs fa-> visual modulates auditory

Rabbit Illusion- multimodal perception

flash 2 times but hear 3 beeps-> sound modulates vision

spatial represenation

conjures visual image

propositional representation

language based

William James

paying attention to one thing involves withdrawing from other things

Why did people not like analytic introspection?

produced variable results between people; results were hard to verify bc based on terms of invisible inner mental processes

Skinner said language is based on operant conditioning, someone disagreed- why

Chomsky→ kids aren't rewarded for mean sentences and there's a point when they use bad grammar which adults don't use, language is inherently built

cognitive revolution

a shift in psychology from the behaviorist's focus on stimulus-response relationships to an approach whose main thrust was to understand the operation of the mind

participants hear 1 msg in one ear and the other ear has another msg, result?

when people listen to one msg, they hear the other one but don't know the contents

Donald Broadbent, Encoding filter theory

Input: sound in-> filter-> detector: records information that gets through filter-> to memory

Sensory memory

information for a fraction of a second

Short term

has limited capacity and holds information for seconds

Long term

high-capacity system that can hold information for long periods of time

Episodic

memory for events in your life

Semantic

memory for facts

Procedural

memory for physical actions

Neuropsychology

study of the behavior of people with brain damage

Electrophysiology

measuring electrical responses of the nervous system

resting potential of a neuron

-70 mV

nerve net

brain tissue pattern, thought to be continuous

charge of action potential of a neuron

+40 mV

as pressure increases, rate of action potentials

increase

Higher order thinking happens in

anterior of brain