Carboxylic Acids, Amines, Amides, Carbohydrates, and Lipids Vocabulary

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Vocabulary flashcards for Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

Chemistry

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41 Terms

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Carboxylic Acid

An organic compound with a carboxyl functional group; a carbonyl group (C=O) with a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to the carbonyl atom.

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Saturated (in the context of carboxylic acids)

Refers to compounds with single bonds only.

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Unsaturated (in the context of carboxylic acids)

Refers to compounds with double or triple bonds.

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Acetic Acid

CH3COOH; the main component of vinegar, which is a 4%-8% (v/v) acetic acid solution.

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Oxalic Acid

HOOC-COOH; found in spinach and cabbage, poisonous at high concentrations, and used as a cleansing or bleaching agent.

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Polyfunctional Carboxylic Acids (PCAs)

Carboxylic acids that contain at least one functional group other than the carboxyl group; commonly found in living organisms.

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Unsaturated Acids

PCAs that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).

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Hydroxy Acids

PCAs that contain at least one hydroxyl group.

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Keto Acids

PCAs that contain a carbonyl (C=O) group within a carbon chain.

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Esterification

The reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce an ester.

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Ester Hydrolysis

The breaking of the carbon–oxygen single (C-O) bond that holds the “alcohol part” and the “acid part” in an ester.

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Saponification

Hydrolysis of an ester under basic conditions to form a carboxylic acid salt (soap).

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Thioester

A sulfur-containing analog of an ester in which an —SR group has replaced the —OR group.

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Polyester

Polymers formed by reacting difunctional monomers, such as dicarboxylic acids and dialcohols.

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Triacylglycerols

Also known as Fats and Oils, are esters of glycerol and predominantly long-chain fatty acids.

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Detergent

Cleansing agent

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Acid Chloride

A carboxylic acid derivative in which the “-OH” portion of the carboxyl group has been replaced with a “-Cl” atom.

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Acid Anhydride

A carboxylic acid derivative in which the “-OH” portion of the carboxyl group has been replaced with an “acyl” group.

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Acyl Group

The portion of a carboxylic acid that remains after the —OH group is removed from the carboxyl carbon atom.

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Amides

A compound containing a NH2 group attached to a carbonyl group (C=O).

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Amines

Derivatives of Ammonia (NH3).

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Heterocyclic Amine

An organic compound with nitrogen atoms of amine groups present in a ring system.

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Alkaloids

Physiologically active nitrogen-containing compounds produced by plants, often used as stimulants, anesthetics, and antidepressants.

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Amine Salts

Formed when the amine group is neutralized by acid.

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Neurotransmitter

A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve, travels across the synaptic gap between the nerve and another nerve, and then binds to a receptor site on the other nerve, triggering a nerve impulse

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Ammonium Salt

A product of the reaction between Carboxylic acids and Ammonia. When heated, ammonium salts of carboxylic acids lose a molecule of water and are converted to amides.

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Lactam

A cyclic amide.

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Urea

When the body disposes nitrogen by the formation of diamide.

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Carbohydrates

Also known as Saccharides “Sugar”. Organic compounds composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; Polyhydroxyl alcohols with potentially active carbonyl groups which may be either an Aldehyde or Ketone group.

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Isomers

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but differ in their chemical structures.

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Lipid

An organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble (or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents. They are classified based on solubility ,not on any functional groups

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Fatty acids

basic units of fat composed of chains of carbon atoms with an acid group at one end and hydrogen atoms attached all along their length. Usually contain 12-18 carbon atoms. Present as either esterified or non-esterified form in fats and oils.

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Non-Esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA or FFA)

Any fatty acid that occurs free, rather than esterified with glycerol to form a glyceride, usually as a result of hydrolysis. Always bound to a transport protein such as albumin.

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Omega Acids

Essential Fatty Acids: Must be part of the diet nutritionally important Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids

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Triacylglycerols (TGs)

Also called fats and oils, which are esters of glycerol formed when the hydroxyl groups of glycerol react with the carboxyl groups of fatty acids.

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Phospholipids

The main lipid constituent of cell membranes - glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group, also considered a derivative of phosphatidic acid.

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Sphingophospholipids

Structures based on the 18-carbon monounsaturated aminodialcohol sphingosine - contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group

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Glycolipids (Sphingoglycolipids)

Are widely distributed in the body Fatty acids + sphingosine + carbohydrate

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Cholesterol (C27 Steroid Molecule)

The third major type of membrane lipid - Best known steroid because of its association with atherosclerosis and heart diseases.

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Emulsifier

Is a substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution.

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Lipoproteins

macromolecular complex of lipids and proteins that Delivers lipids throughout the body through the bloodstream