Unit 2: Respiratory System

The respiratory and circulatory systems are _______ coupled.

closely

How does the respiratory and circulatory systems work together?

facilitate the movement of oxygen towards tissue and carbon dioxide waste out of the body

What are the 4 processes involved during respiration?

1) pulmonary ventilation

2) external (pulmonary) respiration

3) gas transport

4) internal (cellular) respiration

________ is the physical act of breathing; movement of air into and out of lungs.

pulmonary ventilation

Pulmonary ventilation is facilitated by ____________. What are 3 examples?

respiratory musculature; diaphragm and intercostal muscles

__________ is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and pulmonary blood vessels.

external (pulmonary) respiration

________ is the circulator system transport of O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissue.

gas transport

________ is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissue.

internal (cellular) respiration

What are the 3 parts of the upper respiratory system?

nose and paranasal sinuses; pharynx, and larynx

What are the 4 parts of the lower respiratory system?

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs and alveoli

The nose is divided into the _______ and ______.

external nose and nasal cavity

The external nose is defined by ________ with _________, _________, ________, and ________.

nostrils (nares) with lateral alae, nasal and frontal bones, maxillary bones, and hyaline cartilage

What is the nasal cavity formed by?

ethmoid and sphenoid bones and hard and soft palates

What are the 3 parts of the nasal cavity?

olfactory mucosa, respiratory mucosa, and nasal turbinates

What is the purpose of the olfactory mucosa?

contain olfactory cells to sense odors

What is the purpose of respiratory mucosa?

moisten, filter, and warm the air

What is the purpose of nasal turbinates?

increase mucosal surface area and enhance air turbulence (better filtration)

The nose also serves as a resonating chamber for _______.

speech

The _________ are mucus-secreting cavities which form a ring around the nasal cavity.

paranasal sinuses

Where are 4 locations you could find the paranasal sinuses?

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

What are 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses?

lighten the skull, warm and moisten air, and recycle nasal mucus

The pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the ________ and _______ to the _______ and ________>

nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

The ________ is the air passageway to the nasal cavity.

nasopharynx

The nasopharynx contains the __________ tonsils on posterior wall. What is the function?

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids); traps and destroys airborne pathogens

What is the purpose of the pharyngotympanic (Eustachian) tubes?

drains and equalizes pressure in middle ear

The _______ is a passageway for food and air between the soft palate and epiglottis.

oropharynx

What 2 tonsils does the oropharynx contain?

palatine and lingual

The _______ is the passageway for food and air.

laryngopharynx

What is the pathway of air in the laryngopharynx?

epiglottis -> larynx -> trachea

________ is repeated starting and stopping of breathing during sleep.

sleep apnea

Sleep apnea is treated with a _______.

CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure

The larynx is aka _______.

voice box

_________ vibrate in response to air rushing from the lungs to produce sound.

true vocal cords

The __________ serve as secondary barrier closing glottis during swallowing. Do not play a role in sound production.

false vocal cords (vestibular folds)

_______ is inflammation of the vocal folds causing them to swell interfering with vibrations. Causes hoarseness in voice.

laryngitis

The trachea is aka ________.

windpipe

The trachea extends from the _______ into the ________.

larynx into mediastinum

The Trachea divides into the 2 main bronchi at the _______.

carina

The mucosa at the carina is _______ sensitive.

highly

What are the 3 layers of the trachea?

mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia

The mucosa layer of trachea is made up of ...

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

The submucosa layer of trachea contains __________ which prevent...

c-shaped cartilage rings; tracheal collapse

The __________ is the outermost CT layer of the trachea.

adventitia

After the trachea, air passages undergo ____ orders of branching... known as the _______.

23; bronchial tree

The Bronchial Tree is divided into which 2 zones?

conducting zone structures and respiratory zone structures

The __________ transports air to and from lungs.

conducting zone structures

What are the 3 conducting zone structures?

right and left primary bronchi, secondary (lobar) bronchi, tertiary (segmental) bronchi

The R & L Primary Bronchi enters the lung at the ____.

hilum

The ___________ is where external (pulmonary) respiration occurs.

respiratory zone structures

The lungs occupy all of the ___________, except the _________.

thoracic cavity; mediastinum

Lungs:

- Apex is the ______ tip located deep into the _______.

- Base is the ________ surface resting on the _______.

- The costal surfaces are the _________, _______, and ______ surfaces surrounded by the _______.

superior; clavicle; inferior; diaphragm; anterior, lateral, and posterior; rib cage

The lungs are surrounded by the ________.

pleurae

What happens during forced inspiration?

accessory muscles become involved to maximize cavity expansion

What are the 4 accessory muscles?

scalenes, SCM, pectoralis major, erector spinae

_______ is a passive process involving the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles.

expiration

During expiration, the diaphragm _______, the lungs and rib cage ______, and thoracic cavity volume ________.

raises; recoil; decreases

During expiration, there is a decrease in volume, meaning there is an ______ in thoracic cavity pressure.

During expiration, there is a decrease in volume, meaning there is an ______ in thoracic cavity pressure.

increase

What is pleurisy?

inflammation of the pleurae; pleurae becomes rough resulting in friction and stabbing pain with each breath

_______ is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity.

pleural effusion

________ is when there is air in the pleural cavity.

pneumothorax

______ occurs from either wound in parietal pleural or visceral pleura rupture.

pneumothorax

Increased pressure in the pleurae can result in ________.

atelectasis

What are 3 factors that can affect pulmonary ventilation?

1) airway resistance

2) lung compliance

3) alveolar surface tension

_______ is the attraction of liquid molecules to one another.

surface tension

_______ is a detergent-like lipoprotein that reduces the alveolar surface tension keeping alveoli inflated.

surfactant

COPD =

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COPD is exemplified by which three diseases?

chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and dyspnea

__________ is due to inhaled irritants causing chronic excessive mucus buildup.

chronic bronchitis

________ is destruction of alveolar walls creating few, large alveolar spaces rather than many small ones.

emphysema

Emphysema results in _______ lung elasticity and surface area.

decrease

______ is labored breathing.

dyspnea

_____% of cases of COPD have history of smoking.

80

What are 4 symptoms of asthma?

wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, and chest tightness

Allergic asthma is caused by active inflammation from _____ antibody production.

IgE

__________ is abnormal, viscous mucus that clogs passageways leading to bacterial infections.

cystic fibrosis

What are 4 treatments of cystic fibrosis?

mucus-dissolving drugs, mobilization of mucus, digestive enzyme replacement, and antibiotics

________ is the amount of air moved into and out lung with each breath. Normal, resting conditions.

tidal volume

___________ is the amount of air that can be forcefully inspired beyond tidal volume.

inspiratory reserve volume

_________ is the amount of air that can be forcefully expired beyond tidal volume.

expiratory reserve volume

________ is the amount of air that will always remain in lungs.

residual volume

Inspiratory capacity = _____ + _______. Maximal amount of air you can inspire.

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Functional Residual Capacity = ______ + _______. How much air is remaining in lungs after normal expiration.

residual volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Vital Capacity = _____ + _____ + _____. Maximal amount of air you could forcefully move into and out of your lungs in a breath.

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

Total Lung Capacity = ______ + _____ + ______ + ______. Maximal amount of air can be contained within lungs.

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Gas in the atmosphere is comprised of _____% Nitrogen, _____% oxygen, and _____ CO2, Argon, and water vapor.

78.6, 20.6, <1

_______ is the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equivalent to the sum of the pressures each gas exerts individually in the mixture.

Dalton's Law

What is involved in forced expiration?

active process where oblique, transverse abdominal, and internal intercostal muscles contract to compress thoracic cavity

During expiration, there is a decrease in volume, meaning there is an ______ in thoracic cavity pressure.

increase

The terminal bronchioles feed into the _________, which then lead into the ________ and ________.

respiratory bronchioles; alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

Alveolar sacs contain clusters of ________.

alveoli

________ are the sites of actual gas exchange.

alveoli

Alveolar-capillary membrane is made up of _______ and ______. They are very ____ to allow gas exchange via simple diffusion.

alveolar and capillary walls; thin

Roughly ____ alveoli make up most of the lung volume. They are lined with a layer of __________ which helps keep them inflated.

300 million; surfactant

What are the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation?

inspiration and expiration

Pulmonary ventilation is dictated by changes in ________ and _______.

pressure and volume

__________ is pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body.

atmospheric pressure

___________ is pressure in the alveoli.

intrapulmonary pressure

Intrapulmonary pressure is referred to as the ___________.

intra-alveolar pressure