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bolded terms
phylogeny
a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among species
evolution
change (in allele frequencies) over time in a population.
species
represented in a phylogeny by an unbroken line segment
speciation events
branch points in the phylogeny where one species split to form two new species
MRCA (most recent common ancestor)
lived closest to the present day and is shared by sister species
sister species
two species (or groups) that are each other’s closest relative; share a common ancestor that is not the ancestor of any other species in the phylogeny
extant
species alive today (present, at top)
monophyletic groups
groups composed of a common ancestor and ALL of its descendants (and nothing else), could be of any size
characters
features of organisms
synapomorphies
shared derived characters; characters that are shared and new to a group
homology
similarity due to common ancestry
