Mass Comm and Society

What does the "magic bullet" theory of media effects refer to? 

The dramatic and immediate effects of media on people 

What researcher is associated with "limited effects theory"? 

Paul F. Lazarsfeld 

Who was the first researcher to refute the magic bullet theory of media effects? 

Paul F. Lazarsfeld 

What does it mean that "violent-masculinity is a cycle," according to Tough Guise 2? 

That many boys who are abused as children grow up and become perpetrators. 

Which of the follow arguments are central to the video Tough Guise 2 

\-Media images of manhood therefore play a pivotal role in making, shaping and privileging certain cultural and personal attitudes about manhood 

\-  Media are the primary narrative and influential forces of our time 

According to Tough Guise 2, although many of the violence-related problems in contemporary American society are essentially related to the image or or acting out of "masculinity," this issue pales in relation to the magnitude of drug addiction. 

False 

According to Tough Guise 2, masculinity is largely a learned trait and a social construct.   

True 

In Brown's article, Cultivation Theory hypothesizes that _______ is the form of media that most shapes our worldview and culture. 

Television 

In one study, which of the following social media behaviors predicted greater body consciousness and higher probability of body shaming? 

Greater Facebook involvement 

Which aspect of identity *was identified* to play an important role in the self-construction of gender? 

Sexuality 

Which of the following themes was NOT identified in the Instagram pages by textual analysis studies? 

Emotional exploitation of female college students 

Which types of characters tend to be disproportionately represented in video games?

White male characters 

From Brown's article, which theory suggests we imitate the media we view? 

Cognitive Social Learning Theory 

From Brown's article, the theory that media tell the audience what is important in the world and how to think about people and events is called: 

Agenda Setting 

What does Cognitive Social Learning Theory attempt to understand? 

How behavior does (or does not occur) in the context of reward and punishment 

What theoretical perspective is NOT one frequently utilized by communication researchers? 

Dialectics 

Which of the following factors has been found to impact patterns of social media usage?

* socioeconomic status
* age
* gender
* race/ethnicity

What did Waples conclude from his studies of text-based media and reading knowledge? 

Prior knowledge of readers on a subject affects the effectiveness of the media

What does affective media target in an individual? 

Attitudes and emotions 

What question did Fenton attempt to answer in his 1910 study?

How does violence in the media impact real-life behavior

What role did Carl Hovland play in the development of research regarding media effects? 

Introduced standardized research design based on empirical and quantitative data 

Which is the best description of the term “media effects? 

The ways in which the mass media affect how audiences think and behave

Which of the following definitions best describes “embeddedness?”

Humans exist within a context made up of multiple levels of being 

According to Lewin’s “sweetbread study,” persuasion in group settings is ______ effective. 

More

According to Jay Black, the *two-valued orientation* problem refers to... 

the notion that journalists try to portray the world in black and white, with polar opposites defining news. 

In Jay Black's article, what makes *new* propaganda different from *traditional* propaganda? 

New propaganda relies upon the blurring lines among information, persuasion and the entertainment functions of media

According to Lasswell (1936), technological western democracies desire fulfillment of what two categories? 

catharsis and readjustment 

As mentioned in Jay Black's article, who attempted the first systematic analysis of propaganda? 

Harold Lasswell 

In order to respond to Nazi propaganda, the U.S. government relied mainly upon..

Hollywood 

According to the documentary *WWII: The Propaganda Battle*, what set aside the WWII propaganda from earlier attempts at propaganda?

Both sides used motion pictures as weapons

According to *WWII: The Propaganda Battle*, the first instance of propaganda probably occurred in the Garden of Eden.

True 

According to The Open and Closed Mind (1960), a person utilizing information on its own intrinsic merits reflects… 

If their belief system is open or closed

Based on Rokeach’s Belief and Disbelief Dimensions, close-minded individuals are best described as. 

Rejecting of all disbelief systems 

How do open-minded and close-minded people perceive time differently? 

Open-minded people see the past, present, and future as related, whereas close-minded people see it as simple cause and effect.

What did Black (2002) mean by journalism “atherosclerosis?”

When journalists insert themselves between readers and the information 

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sociological propaganda?

\-short term

Latent traits, as described in the Facebook Likes article

\-cannot be measured directly

\-are psychological traits

\-include openness, emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

From the Facebook Likes article, the dichotomous variable with the lowest accuracy rate was 

relationship status of parents 

A negative to the findings from the Facebook Likes article is

\-information an individual did not intend to share can be inferred

\-predictions can be made without an individual’s consent or notice

\-individuals could lose trust in online services

Based on the Facebook Likes article, in the past, individual traits and attributes could be predicted by cues from 

samples of written texts and the appearance of spaces people inhabit 

According to Kosinski, et al., the digital records of Facebook Likes are similar to credit card purchases. 

True 

In the Facebook Likes study, which numeric variable received the lowest correlation? 

satisfaction with life 

In the Facebook Likes study, age, intelligence, extraversion, and number of Facebook friends were analyzed as 

numeric variables 

According to the Facebook Likes article, Likes for "Wu-Tang Clan," "Shaq," and "Being Confused After Waking Up From Naps" were strong predictors of 

male heterosexuality

The conclusion of the Facebook Likes article is that

personal attributes can be automatically and accurately inferred using Facebook
Likes 

In *No Logo*, Klein highlights the way in which global social justice activists at the time would target the following, rather than governments, in their campaigns: 

Major multinational corporations

For Klein, corporate lifestyle branding practices has led to the emergence of

Brand tribes 

The first corporate brands served the functional purpose of

Providing a friendly face to connect the consumer with the company producing the good being consumed

Klein identifies Nike CEO Phil Knight as being one of the pioneers in terms of

Lifestyle branding 

Which of the following companies used the historic likenesses of Einstein, Gandhi, Feynman and other influential figures in a series of commercial utilizing lifestyle branding techniques?

Apple 

What is not a criticism leveled at corpor power leveled by Naomi Klein

corporate brand tribes fuel societal polarization and divisiveness

In lifestyle branding, companies sell what beyond their core product or service? 

an idealized image 

In one study, which of the following social media behaviors predicted greater body consciousness and higher probability of body shaming? 

Greater Facebook involvement 

What status quo does the article convey that Greek Life reinforces? 

Social spheres based on separation of gender 

From the WW2 video: the propaganda battle, who was frank capra

\-the genius behind many U.S. propaganda films

\-an immigrant from Sicily

\-a famous filmmaker during WW2

Self-branding grew out of the belief that individuals would benefit from treating their identity much like

Consumer products

According to Khamis et al, a brand should give a product

a recognizable personality 

For Khamis et al, one of the principal problems of extending branding to human beings is

Humans aren't as consistent as traditional brands

Media companies and advertisers exist in a symbiotic relationship because

their business models rely on one another to exist 

Celebrities are valuable to both media companies and advertisers because

they command a large audience

According to Khamis et al, self-branding as a popular practice emerged out of the confluence of the rise of digital communications technologies and a culture of

neoliberal individualism 

In the consumer-centric digital media world, the core commodity is

attention

For Khamis et al, the origins of self-branding and micro-celebrity  can be found in the previous generation's embrace of 

Reality TV 

For Khamis et al, the application of celebrity culture to ordinary people results in everyday life becoming

a performance

In the political economy of self branding

\-relationships are viewed as transactional or instrumental in nature

\-there is no clear delineation between work and home, as one is always expected to promote oneself

\-workers are motivated via rhetoric about pulling oneself “by the bootstrap”

Researchers found that Facebook use made people happier and more optimistic about their lives

False

Was previous research clear on the connection between Facebook use and subjective well-being? 

No, some previous research indicated Facebook use improved well-being while others indicated a negative shift

Research findings indicate that interacting with Facebook during one time period leads people to feel worse later on during the same day controlling for how they felt initially 

 True 

Teens are using Facebook at an increasing frequency

False 

Teens cited privacy as a major concern connected to their social media usage? 

False 

Teens are loyal to social media sites and unwilling to try new ones?

False

In Jay Black's article, what makes *new* propaganda different from *traditional* propaganda? 

New propaganda relies upon the blurring lines among information, persuasion and the entertainment functions of media 

According to Jay Black's article, product placement is a relatively new invention, having begun with Reese's Pieces candy in 1982's *T.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial*? 

False 

As included in Black's article, in its early years, propaganda was considered by the Church to be a moral endeavor

True 

What does Cognitive Social Learning Theory attempt to understand? 

How behavior does (or does not occur) in the context of reward and punishment

What proportion of music videos (depending on genre) portray sexual themes? 

Between ⅕ and ½ 

How did Jenks relate consumption of the media to the formation of opinions? 

The media does not influence formation of opinions as much as our prejudices do

How does the evolutionary perspective relate to the trait perspective? 

The former is rooted in a biological view of humans, while the latter utilizes the behaviorist perspective 

The Hypodermic Needle/Bullet Theory conveys the idea that

Urbanization and industrialism caused mass behavior to spread 

What did Bandura’s Social Learning Theory indicate about media viewers? 

environmental and cognitive predispositions influence the behaviors that viewers model 

What does it mean that "violent-masculinity is a cycle," according to Tough Guise 2? 

That many boys who are abused as children grow up and become perpetrators.

According to Tough Guise 2, although many of the violence-related problems in contemporary American society are essentially related to the image or or acting out of "masculinity," this issue pales in relation to the magnitude of drug addiction

False 

The Cambridge Analytica scandal revealed

the extent to which third party apps were able to harvest personal user data on Facebook 

Facebook vastly expanded its data collection practices beginning in 2010, following the lead set by which other tech titan? 

Google 

According to Vaidhyanathan, what privacy risks are associated with Facebook’s data collection practices?

\-commercial entities can exploit the targeting and predictive capacities of Facebook’s advertising companies

\-other users can obtain information on you through Facebook searches

\-governments can potentially use Facebook to spy on users

Vaidhyanathan describes privacy as being fundamentally about

the ability to manage one's reputations across various contexts 

The panopticon is a device that allows for control of populations through 

the threat of being surveilled by others

In surveillance capitalism, the platform user is 

the source of data that is sold to advertisers 

The emergence of surveillance capitalism occurred when tech giants (led by Google) 

began rendering data exhaust as behavioral surplus 

The rise of surveillance capitalism accompanied a shift from

the sale of targeted ads to the sale of behavioral prediction products 

Surveillance capitalism is driven by 

the subsumption of behavioral surplus into the internal logics of the new behavioral prediction market 

According to the Facebook Likes article, Likes can be used to automatically and accurately predict which personal attributes?

sexual orientation, political views, and intelligence 

In the Facebook Likes article, the psychological trait with the correlation closest to the questionnaire score was 

openness 

Adorno characterized the United States as being

an authoritarian society 

Adorno and the Frankfurt School were known most for espousing which tradition? 

Critical Theory 

For Adorno, the role of popular music on the listener is similar to

a narcotic providing distraction from the dull routine of work

Adorno describes the role of popular music on society as a whole as

a social cement that adjusts people authoritarian collectivism 

In contrast to totalitarian societies led by dictators, Adorno argued that the American population is controlled by

the cultural industries

The fact that popular music songwriting occurs at the handicraft level creates an illusion of differentiation that Adorno refers to as 

pseudo-individualization 

In contradistinction to "serious music," Adorno argues that "popular music" is characterized by a high degree of

Standardization