Rad Path: Hematopoietic System

red bone marrow 

primary site of hematopoiesis

precursor cells

stem cells or young cells

• RBC

• WBC

• platelets

erythrocytes

are biconcave disks without a nucleus that contain hemoglobin, an iron-based protein that carries oxygen from the respiratory tract to the body’s tissues.

red bone marrow and lymphoid tissue

where is leukocyte produced?

4.5 - 6 million cubic mm of blood

how many red blood cells are in there?

120 days then broken down by spleen and liver

what is the lifespan of erythrocytes?

5,000 to 10,000 millimeters cubic of blood

how many white blood cells are in the blood?

1. neutrophils 

2. eosinophils

3. basophil

4. lymphocytes

5. monocyte

Types of leukocytes

neutrophils

most abundant type of WBC that is responsible for phagocytosis.

eosinophils

are red-staining cells whose number greatly increases in allergic and parasitic conditions.

basophils

contains granules that stain blue involved in inflammatory process

lymphocytes

They play a major role in the immune system and aid in the synthesis of antibodies and the production of immunoglobulins.

monocyte

is actively phagocytic and plays an important role in the inflammatory process

platelets

the smallest blood cells, are essential for blood clotting

150,000 to 400,000 every cubic millimeter of blood.

how many platelets in blood?

7 to 10 days

how long does platelets stay in the system?

anemia

refers to a decrease in the amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in the peripheral blood.

decrease

A ______ in the oxygen-carrying hemoglobin impairs the delivery of an adequate oxygen supply to the cells and tissues, leading to fatigue and muscular weakness and often to shortness of breath on exertion (dyspnea).

iron deficiency

most common cause of anemia

hemolytic anemia

The underlying abnormality in hemolytic anemia is a shortened life span of the red blood cells with resulting hemolysis and the release of hemoglobin into the plasma.

1. Spherocytosis

2. sickle cell anemia

3. thalassemia

the major hereditary hemolytic anemias.

Spherocytosis

the erythrocytes have a circular rather than a biconcave shape,

making them fragile and susceptible to rupture

sickle cell anemia 

is generally confined to African Americans, the hemoglobin molecule is abnormal and the red blood cells are crescentic or sickle shaped and tend to rupture.

thalassemia 

A defect in hemoglobin formation which occurs predominantly in persons living near the Mediterranean Sea, especially those of Italian, Greek, or Sicilian descent

bone thinning

“Hair-on-end appearance” of thalassemia 

fish vertebrae

sickle cell anemia appearance

Leukemia

is a neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells.

Myelocytic leukemia

is a cancer of the bone marrow

Lymphatic leukemia

is a malignancy of the lymph nodes

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

has an abrupt onset and progresses rapidly, is the most common form in children

transverse radiolucent bands at the metaphyseal ends of long bones “moth-eaten”

leukemia radiographically 

splenomegally

KUB with leukemia can also represent as:

Most common non-skeletal radiographic appearance

lymphoma

cancer of lymphatic system when affected cells are produced at high rate

1. hodgkin

2. non-hodgkin

2 classifications of lymphoma

Mediastinal lymph node enlargement

is the most common radiographic finding in lymphoma 

non-hodgkin

40% happens in parenchymal organs (lymphoma) outside of lymph that is more severe at any age

hodgkin

90% originate in lymph nodes

ivory vertebrae (densed vertebrae) 

skeletal appearance of lymphoma 

Infectious Mononucleosis

is a self-limited viral disease of the lymphoreticular system characterized by vague symptoms of mild fever, fatigue, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes caused by an intense increase of lymphoid cells.

Epstein–Barr virus

cause of infectious Mononucleosis

spread through saliva

why is Infectious Mononucleosis called “kissing disease”?

hemophilia

is an inherited (by a sex-linked recessive gene) anomaly of blood coagulation that appears clinically only in males. 

• easily bruising externally and internally

purpura (thrombocytopenia)

a deficiency in the number of platelets, and it results in spontaneous hemorrhages in the skin, mucous membranes of the mouth, and internal organs.