U.S History I chapter 4

Stamp Act

law in which Parliament established the first direct taxation of goods and services within the British colonies in North America

Samuel Adams

founder of the sons of liberty (harass customs workers, stamp agents, and royal governors) and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the declaration of independence.

Townshend Acts

-a series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1767, establishing indirect taxes on goods improved from Britain by the British colonies in North America

-sam adams organizes boycott

-women stop buying British luxuries

-customs agents seize John Hancock's ship Liberty for unpaid taxes

Boston Massacre

-a clash between British soldiers and Boston colonists in 1770, in which five of the colonists were killed

-soldiers compete with colonists for shipyard jobs

-mob throws stones, british fire, killing 5-colonists burn customs ship

committees of correspondence

one of the groups set up by American colonists to exchange information about British threats to their liberties

Boston Tea Party

-the dumping of 18,000 pounds of tea into Boston Harbor by colonists in 1773 to protest the Tea Act

-tea acts lets east india company avoid tax, undersell colonists

King George III

king during the American Revolution who was unfair towards American colonists

Intolerable Acts

a series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1774 to punish Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party

Martial Law

temporary rule by military rather than civilian authority

Minutemen

Patriot civilian soldiers just before and during the Revolutionary War pledged to be ready to fight at a minute's notice

Lexington and Concord

-civilian militia/minutemen begin to stockpile firearms

-resistant leaders John Hancock, Sam Adams hide in Lexington

-4/1775 700 redcoats sent to capture leaders

-paul revere, william dawes warn leaders/townspeople

-british kill 8 minutemen

-3,000-4,000 minutemen ambush british in concord, kill dozens

Second Continental Congress

-the Continental Congress that convened in May 1775, approved the Declaration of Independence, and served as the only agency of national government during the Revolutionary War

-debate independence

-recognize militiamen as Continental Army

-appoint G.W. commander

-print paper money to pay troops

Olive Branch Petition

-a document sent by the 2nd Continental Congress to King George III, proposing a reconciliation between the colonies and Britain

-sent to restore "harmony"

-George III reject position/petition orders naval blockade

Common Sense

pamphlet by Thomas Paine, published in 1776, that called for separation of the colonies from Britain

Thomas Jefferson

-a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence

-later served as the third President of the United States.

Declaration of Independence

-formal statement of separation

-based on john lock's ideas/lists/complaints/rights:

1. pople having natural rights to life, liberty, & prosperity

2. people consent to obey a gov't that protects rights

3. people can resist/overthrow gov't

Patriots

-colonists who supported American independence from Britain

-almost 1/2 of popu

-think independence = economic opportunity

Loyalists

-colonists who supported the British government during the American Revolution

-work in gov't

-unaware of events

-trust crown to protect rights

Battle of Bunker Hill

costly british win (450 colonists & +1,000 british casualties)

Valley Forge

-the site where George Washington and his troops endured a harsh winter without proper food, shelter, or clothing

-of 10,000 soldiers, about 2,000 die

-site of Continental Army's winter camp (1777-1778)

Battle of Trenton

-christmas (1776) G.W. crosses Delaware River into NJ

-G.W. surprises hessian garrison and wins battle of trenton

Battle of Saratoga

-turning point in war

-leader of british: Gen. John Burgoyne

-Burgoyne loses repeatedly

-Burgoyne surrenders to Horatio Gates

Inflation

increase in prices or decline in purchasing power caused by an increase in the supply of money

Profiteering

selling of goods in short supply at inflated prices

Financing the War

-to get $, Congress sells bonds to investors, foreign gov't's

-print paper $ (Continentals); causes inflation

-some officials engage in profiteering

Civilians at War

-women manage homes/businesses while men fight

-many women go with troops to wash/cook/mend

-some women fight

-thousands of AA slaves escape to cities

-about 5,000 AA's serve in Continental Army

-most NA stay out of conflict

Victory at Yorktown

-lafayette's plan: French Americans attach British at Yorktown

-French navy defeats British, blockade Chesapeake Bay

-American, French siege Yorktown, shell British for 3 weeks

-Cornwallis surrender October 1781

Marquis de Lafayette

-aristocrat, joins G.W. at Valley Forge

-lobbies for French troops, 1779

-leads command in last years of war

Treaty of Paris (1783)

treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, confirming the independence of the US and setting the boundaries of the new nation

Egalitarianism

the belief that all people should have equal political, economic, social, and civil rights

Who was the leader of the Boston Tea Party?

Sam Adams

Who wrote Common Sense?

Thomas Paine

Who do Loyalists work for?

British Government

What was the turning point of the war?

The Battle of Saratoga

All these led to or increased tension in Massachusetts EXCEPT:

(A) the Tea Act

(B) martial law

(C) the Boston Massacre

(D) the Second Continental Congress

(D) the Second Continental Congress

The Declaration of Independence was most influenced by:

(A) John Locke's philosophy

(B) Thomas Paine's ideas

(C) the French Revolution

(D) the Patriots' support

(A) John Locke's philosophy

All these led up to the Battle at Saratoga EXCEPT the:

(A) defeat in New York

(B) defeat in Virginia

(C) Battle of Trenton

(D) fight for Philadelphia

(B) defeat in Virginia

A key American victory in the South occurred at:

(A) Cowpens

(B) Savannah

(C) Charles Town

(D) Camden

(A) Cowpens

The war led to all of the following EXCEPT:

(A) the rise of egalitarianism

(B) increased antislavery resistance

(C) displacement of Native Americans

(D) rights for women

(D) rights for women

His philosophy heavily include the Declaration of Independence:

John Locke

Ally of American Colonies:

France