Globalisation, green crime, human rights and state crime

Castells

There is now a global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum:

• Arms trafficking

• Green crime

• Drugs trade

• Cyber crimes

Global risk society

Beck - the massive increase in productivity and technology has created manufactured risks —> greenhouse gas emissions from production

Crimes of globalisation

• Pollution caused by TNCs

• Illegal immigrants

• Drug trafficking

• Spread of terrorism

Glocal organisations

Hobbs and Dunningham - crime now works as a glocal system that is locally based but with international connections e.g. drug trafficking

McMafia

Glenny - transnational organised crime organisations operate like multinational business, by managing finances and operations

Traditional criminology

Green crime is defined as any activity which breaches a law which protects the environment —> objective but some unethical actions can be legal

Situ and Emmons

Green criminology

White - its ecocentric rather than based on human domination over nature —> criminologists should study environmental harm whether there is legislation in place or not

Primary green crimes

Crimes that result directly from the destruction of the earth’s resources e.g. air pollution, deforestation and animal abuse

Secondary green crimes

Crimes that grows out of ignoring the rules aimed at preventing environmental disasters e.g. hazardous waste and state violence

Green crime AO3

• Marxists - it is a result of the bourgeoisie to control the proletariat

• The poorest parts of the world are most affected

• More TNCs more dumping

McLaughin

4 categories of state crime:

1. Political crimes

2. Crimes by security and police forces

3. Economuc crimes

4. Social and cultural crimes

Deepwater Horizon disaster

• Economic crime - BP wanted to maximise their profits of regulating and fixing health ad safety problems

• Green crime - the oil spill caused water pollution that killed animals

Abu Ghraib

• Security and police forces - Iraqis were tortured by the us army

• Political - the US government tried to censor it

Taliban

• Social and cultural crimes - women have to cover their face and body and cannot speak in public

Domestic law

Acts defined by the law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs

International law

Laws created through treaties and agreements between states, any action that violates these

Social harm/zemiology

The study of harms, whether they break the law or not

Labelling

State crime is socially constructed, meaning it is only a crime when society labels it as a crime

Authoritarian personality

Adorno - a personality that includes a willingness to obey orders of superiors e.g. Nazi soldiers

Conformity

Kelman and Hamilton identified 3 features in the Vietname war:

1. Authorisation - when the acts are ordered by authority, morals are replaced by duty to obey

2. Routinisation - once the crime has been committed there is pressure to continue and make it into a routine

3. Dehumanisation - the enemy is portrayed as subhuman

Modernity

Bauman identified 4 features of modern society that made the Holocaust possible:

1. A division of labour - everyone was assigned jobs

2. Bureaucratisation - normalised the killing as it was repetitive

3. Instrumental rationality - the most efficient methods were used

4. Science and technology - trains to death camps etc

Denial

Sykes and Matza - denial of victims, denial of injury, denial of responsibility from the state