Grade 11 Biology Exam Review

What are the three levels of biodiversity

1) species diversity

2) genetic diversity

3) ecosystem diversity

Genes

Units of inherited information that determine specific characteristics or functions

Biodiversity

The variety of life in the world

Genetic diversity

The sum of all the different forms of genes present in a particular species. It also helps the survival of species

Species

A population whose members can breed freely in nature and produce fertile offspring

Why do farmers grow a single type of corn?

It allows farmers to use the same equipment, fertilizers and techniques on their land

Monocultures

Genetically uniform farms, that usually have little or no biodiversity

Species diversity

The variety of species and relative abundance of the species in a given area. This allows ecosystems to survive environmental changes such as droughts, plagues or disease outbreaks

Ecosystem diversity

The diverse range of habitats, the various organisms that live in the habitats and the relationships that connect them

What kind of organisms or processes does biodiversity help maintain?

1) ecosystem cycle carbon, nitrogen and oxygen

2) micro-organisms make nutrients available and break down toxic substances in water and soil

3) insects, bats, and other animals pollinate flowering plants and crops

4) ecosystems clean air, purify water, control erosion,more vent floods and modify climate

Keystone species

Species that have a disproportionately large effect on the ecosystem in which they live, such as a honeybee

What is malaria

A deadly disease that is spread through mosquitoes infecting people. It is called by a microscopic parasite called plasmodium, that transmits this disease through it's bite

Why use scientific naming for animals?

To reduce confusion among different languages around the world, and to have a universal scientific name to each known species

Dichotomous key

A tool used by scientists and non-scientists to identify organisms with which they are unfamiliar

What does the work "dichotomous" mean in Greek?

"To cut in two"

What does a dichotomous key posses

It possesses a series of questions about an organism, and each question asks users to choose between two possible characteristics that the organism may have

Taxonomy

The science of naming, identifying, and classifying species

Binomial nomenclature

A system for naming specific species, which became the most used classification system in biology, invented in 1750 by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus

What are the two main parts of the binomial nomenclature

1) a two-part Latin name

2) a hierarchy or ordering of the species into broader and broader groups

Binomial

The two-part Latin name that is part of the binomial nomenclature

Genus

The first part of the specie's name, to which the species belongs

What are the 8 groups of the binomial nomenclature

1) domain

2) kingdom

3) phylum

4) class

5) Order

6) family

7) genus

8) species

Biodiversity

The variety of life in the world or a particular habitat or ecosystem

Ecosystem

a specie's environment

Taxonomy

Science of naming, identifying and classifying species

Protist

Eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into the animal, plant or fungi kingdoms

Cilia

Short, hair-like structures protruding from a cell that move fluid and particles over the cell's surface; sometimes used for movement and food gathering

Flagella

Long, whip-like structures that some cells use for movement

Pseudopodia

Cellular extensions of streaming cytoplasm that enable a cell to move in the direction of that extensions

Mycorrhizae

Fungus that forms a mutualistic association with roots of a plant

Phylogenetic tree

A branching diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships among species or groups

Clade

An evolutionary branch on a phylogentic tree

Phylogeny

The evolutionary development and history of a species or group of organisms

Morphology

Study of form and structure of organisms

Habitat loss

The greatest threat to biodiversity, where animals loos their homes

Fragmentation

splitting a habitat into fragments, which may prevent species from using resources in all parts of the habitat

Deforestration

Clear-cutting trees

Transpiration-pull

Force that pulls water up a woody stem

Radial symmetry

Arrangement having body parts like pieces of a pie around an imaginary central axis

Bilateral symmetry

Arrangement having mirror-image right and left sides

Asymmetric

Having no symmetry

Genetically modified organism

An organisms with genetic material that has been altered thought genetic engineering

Restriction fragment

Pieces of DNA made by cutting it with restriction enzymes

Cell cycle

Orderly sequence of event in a eukaryotic cell's life

Role of mitosis

Used for cell division

Role of meiosis

Used to reproduce 4 cells

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Molecule that composes the genetic material

Gamete

Sex cells; eggs and sperms

Dominant allele

Allele that determines that trait that a heterozygous individual expresses

Recessive allele

Allele that is not expressed in a heterozygous individual

Inheritance patterns

Inheritance pattern in which the phenotype of a heterozygous individual falls between the two parental phenotypes

Gene locus

Site on a chromosome that a specific gene occupies

Haploid

Having one single set of chromosomes, that contain genetic material

Diploid

Having two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent

Crossing over

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes in prophase 1

Chromosome

One long, condensed DNA molecule containing hundreds or thousands of genes

Karyotype

Display all of the chromosomes in a cell or individual

Homologous

Similar structure in species that share a common ancestor

Analogous

Structures in distantly related specie that are anatomically different but preform the same function

Mutation

Any change of the DNA of a cell

Sex-linked traits

Any gene located on a sex chromosome

Allele

alternative version of a gene

Nucleotide

Subunits in DNA

Pre-symptomatic testing

A test used to diagnose disorders that appear after birth or later in a person's life

Carbohydrates

Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms and are the major source of energy for your body

Bioinformatics

Science of handling and analyzing biological data

Artificial selection

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with genetic material from just one parent

Genetic engineering

Intentional production of new genes and alteration of genomes by the substitution or introduction of new genetic material

Fossil

Preserved remains or markings left by organisms

Vestigial structures

Remnants of structures that may have had important functions in an ancestral species but have no clear function in some of the modern descendants of that species

Acquired trait

Traits we acquire or develop as we live

Natural variation

Differences among members of the same species

Natural selection

The process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to their environment leave more offspring on average than do individuals with adaptions less suited to the environment

Barriers to reproduction

1) Temporal isolation = Species have different breeding seasons

2) Mechanical isolation = 2 species are unable to mate because their reproductive structures are physically incompatible

Convergent evolution

Distantly related species that live in similar environments and develop similar adaptions

Punctuated equilibrium

The theory that long periods of little evolutionary change in a species are broken, or punctuated, by shorter periods of rapid speciation

Gradualism

The evolution of a species by gradual accumulation of small genetic changes over a long period of time

Co-evolution

The process in which one species evolves in response to the evolutionary changes in another species

Hominoid

A group of primates that have relatively large brains, lack tails and have swinging arms

Primate

A group of mammals that have grasping hands and feet with opposable first digits

Bipedalism

The ability to walk on two feet

Genetic drift

A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance

Pandemic

A disease outbreak over a large geographical region (World wide)

Epidemic

A disease outbreak over a small geographical region (Local)

Blastula

Hollow balls of cells that forms during an animal's embryological development and becomes a mouth or an anus

Amino acid

Twenty different kinds of building blocks of protein

Carbohydrate

Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; a major source of energy for your body

Fat

Molecules formed from fatty acids and glycerol that store energy in your body and help your body absorb fat-soluble vitamins; can be divided into saturated, unsaturated and trans fats

(also called lipids )

Protein

A complex molecule constructed from amino acids

Fibre

A complex carbohydrate; also called cellulose

Digestion

The process of breaking down food into molecules that are small enough for the body to absorb

Mechanical digestion

Such as chewing, chops and grinds food into smaller pieces increasing it's surface area

Chemical digestion

The chemical breakdown of food into smaller pieces, such as breaking down the large molecules of carbs, fats and proteins to produce smaller molecules during hydrolysis

Ingestion

The act of eating or drinking

Absorption

Occurs in the small intestine, where the cells absorb small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars

Elimination

The process of removing from the digestive tract any undigested materials

Organs of the digestion system

1) The mouth

2) The pharynx

3) The esophagus

4) The stomach

5) The small intestine

6) The large intestine

7) Accessory organs

What are the accessory organs of the digestion system?

1) The salivary glands

2) The pancreas

3) The liver

4) The gallbladder

Bile's job in the digestion system

Bile is a yellow liquid produced outside of the small intestine by the body's liver. It helps prepare fats for hydrolysis

Mucus's job in the digestion system

Mucus is aa sticky substance that coats and lubricates the food so that it can slide down the tube without harming the tissues that line the tube