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social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 24, 768)
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 768)
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 768)
attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 770)
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 771)
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 771)
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 771)
role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 525, 772)
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 773)
norms
understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 775)
conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 776)
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 777)
informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 778)
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 784)
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 785)
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 786)
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 787)
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 788)
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 15, 789)
prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 792)
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 792)
discrimination
(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (In operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced.) (2) in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 277, 792)
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 796)
ingroup
"us"—people with whom we share a common identity. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 796)
outgroup
"them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 796)
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 796)
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 797)
other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 797)
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 521, 801)
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 803)
social script
a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 146, 804)
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 808)
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 812)
companionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 813)
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 813)
self-disclosure
the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 814)
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 816)
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 817)
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 818)
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 818)
social-responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those needing their help. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 819)
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 819)
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 819)
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 820)
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 820)
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 821)
GRIT Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension- Reduction
a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 822)