unit 1.1 part 2 ( other half fixed)

BASED OFF LEARNING OBJ

What is known as the basic unit of life?

What is known as the basic unit of life?

Cells

Recall the structure and function of eukaryotic cells ( justs a titile ) skip

What are the two main architectures for cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Explain the structure of a Eukaryotic cell

Larger

has a true nucleus with a nuclear membrane

has membrane enclosed organelles

Flagella is complexly made from microtubules

Cell wall is present in some cell types /absent in others/chemically simple when present

has larger ( 80s) ribosomes

multiple liner chromosomes with histones

performs cell division by mitosis

performs sexual recombination by meiosis

Which cell is larger?

Eukaryotes

Which cell has a true nucleus with nuclear membrane?

Eukaryotes

Which cell contains a membrane enclosed organelle?

Eukaryotes

Which cell has flagella that is complexly made from microtubles

Eukaryotes

What cell has a cell wall is present in some cell types but absent in others and is chemically simple when present

Eukaryotes

which cell has larger ( 80s) ribosomes

Eukaryotes

Which cell multiple liner chromosomes with histones

Eukaryotes

Which cell performs cell division by mitosis

Eukaryotes

which cell performs sexual recombination by meiosis

Eukaryotes

What is the function of Eukaryotes

growth, reproduction, and metabolism

Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

What is the structure of prokaryotic cells

Smaller in size

No Nucleus (membrane bound compartment contain DNA)

No membrane enclosed organelles

Flagella is simply- made from two protein building blocks

Cell wall is present and chemically complex

Ribosomes are smaller ( 70s)

Chromosomes are one circular without histones

Performs cell division by binary fission

Sexual recombination: none, horizontal gene transfer

What is the function of Prokaryotic Cells?

nutrient cycling ,symbiotic relationship with hosts, disease causation, serves as tools for genetic engineering in biotechnology.

Which cell is Smaller in size

Prokaryotic cell

Which cell has No Nucleus (membrane bound compartment contain DNA)

Prokaryotic cell

No membrane enclosed organelles

Prokaryotic cell

Flagella is simply- made from two protein building blocks

prokaryotic cell

Which cell has a Cell wall is present and chemically complex

Prokaryotic cell

Which cell have Ribosomes that are smaller ( 70s)

prokaryotic cell

Which cell has no chromosomes are one circular without histones

Prokaryotic cell

Which cell has Chromosomes that are one circular without histones

Prokaryotic

Which cell performs cell division by binary fission

Prokaryotic cell

Which cell has no Sexual recombination: none, horizontal gene transfer

prokaryotic cell

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

States that the eukaryotic chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from prokaryotes engulfed by a pre-eukaryote (the ancestor of eukaryotes).

Explain the endosymbiotic theory of the evolution of eukaryotes.

States that the eukaryotic chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from prokaryotes
engulfed by a pre-eukaryote (the ancestor of eukaryotes).

This is how eukaryotic
cells gained access to the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, which
had evolved in bacterial cells.

Over time, the bacteria lost features that made them recognizable as separate cells and became the mitochondria and chloroplasts found
in eukaryotic cells today

Explain the evolution of Eukaryotes?

States that the eukaryotic chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from prokaryotes engulfed by a pre-eukaryote (the ancestor of eukaryotes).

This is how eukaryotic cells gained access to the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, which had evolved in bacterial cells.

Over time, the bacteria lost features that made them recognizable as separate cells and became the mitochondria and chloroplasts found in eukaryotic cells today

Describe the evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theorytic theory.

Evidence of the endosymbiotic theory generally consists of ways that mitochondria and chloroplasts still resemble bacterial cells (and are different from eukaryotic cells). Here is a list of evidence:

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a small, circular, bacteria-like chromosome.

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, which are 70S ribosome (like bacteria), not 80S ribosomes (like eukaryotes)

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts organelles divide independently of their parent cell through a process similar to binary fission.

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts organelles are surrounded by multiple

  membranes, which is indicative of endocytosis

Study this Picture

What do Mitochondria and Chloroplast contain that makes them related to the bacterial cell ( prokaryotic?

Mitochondria and Chloroplast contain the same organelles as the bacterial cell ( prokaryotic cell)

What organelles are in both the bacterial cell ( prokaryotic cell ) and mitochondria /chloroplast that support the endosymbiotic theory

Circular chromosome DNA

Small (70s) Ribosomes

Performs cell division by Binary Fission

Describe the evolution of the first cells and how they diverged into the three domains of life known today

Explain the evolution of the first cells and how they diverged into the three domains of life known today

All cells are descended from a single population of cells.

• the original population consisted of prokaryotic cells (prokaryote- like)

The original population of cells diverged into two groups

• one of the two groups diverged into two more groups

• these groups are called domains

What are the three groups called?

Domain

What are the three domain

Domain Bacteria

Domain Archaea

Domain Eukarya

Explain the three domains

Domain Archea

• consist of prokaryotic cells,

• they have complex cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan.

• They are not sensitive (affected by)

  antibiotics.

Domain Bacteria

• consist of prokaryotic cells that have complex cell walls that contain peptidoglycan (with a few exceptions).

• They are sensitive to

  antibiotics.

Domain Eukaryotic

• consist of eukaryotic cells that may or may not have

  cell walls.

• Members of this domain that have cell walls generally have chemically

  simple ones.

• They are not sensitive to antibiotics.

Which domains consists of Prokaryotic Cells

Domains Archea and Bacteria

Which domain consist of Eukaryotic cells?

Domain Eukaryote

Which Domains contain a complex cell wall that contains peptidoglycan

Domain Bacteria

Which Domains contain a complex cell wall that doesn’t contains peptidoglycan

Domain Archea

Which Domain is Not sensistive to antibiotics ?

Domain Eukaryotic and Domain Archea

Which Domain is sensistive to antibiotics ?

Domain Bacteria

Describe examples of fossil, molecular, and morphological evidence of the evolution of microorganisms.

What are some examples of evidence that prove the evolution of microorganisms

Fossil Evidence

Molecular Evidence

Morphological Evidence

Describe Fossil Evidence

Fossil evidence includes fossilized stromatolites which are rock formations with specific banding patterns that are caused by the metabolic processes of some microorganisms.

Fossilized stromatolites have been found that are ~2 billion years old.

Additionally, fossils of bacterial cells have been found that are ~3.5 billion years old.

Describe Molecular Evidence

Molecular evidence is primarily based on analysis of DNA sequences can be used to determine relationship, organisms with more similar DNA sequences are more closely related.

Ribosomal RNA genes are found in all organisms and can be used to show the relationship between them.

Describe the following major events in the evolution of life on earth:  the evolution of photosynthesis, the evolution of respiration, and endosymbiosis.

? Look at the textbook cuz i dont see it in the powerpoints…

TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION

State the importance of three areas included in the study of taxonomy: classification, identification and nomenclature.

Classification

• How biologists group and categorize organisms by biological type, such as genus or species

Nomenclature

• How organisms are named

Identification

• Determining the identity of an unknown organism

How do you classify an Organism?

Taxonomic groupings
-Classification that are based in relationship

- Organisms that are more closely related are
placed into more common groups

Non-Taxonomic Groupings

• organisms grouped by factors other than relationship

• can be based on physical features, lifestyle or other factors

Compare criteria for the three Domains that encompass all living organisms.

What Microbes/Microorganisms are in Domain Archaea

All

What Microbes/Microorganisms are in Domain Bacteria

All

What Microbes/Microorganisms are in Domain Eukarya?

—Protozoa
– Algae
– Fungi
– Helminths

What are Protozoa?

Sometimes called protist

Non-taxonomic group of unicellular eukaryotes

• Usually free-living
  

Example organism

• Amoeba

What other name can Protozoa be called?

Protist

What type of Classification is Protoza?

Non-taxonomic group of unicellular eukaryotes (Usually free living)

What are Fungi?

Taxonomic group (Kingdom)

• Multicellular or unicellular

• Cell walls made of chitin

• Filamentous growth

Examples studied in microbiology

• Yeasts

- Single-celled fungi-Example: Saccharomyces

• Molds

  • Fungi that form filamentous masses-Example: Rhizopus

What classification is Fungi?

Taxonomic Group (kingdom)

Fungi can be either _________ or _________

Multicellular , Unicellulsr

What are Fungi’s cell wall made out of?

Chitin

WHat type of growth does fungi show

Filamentous growth

What are some examples of fungi?

Yeast

• single -celled fungi (ex. Saccharomyces )

Molds

• Fungi that form filamentous masses (ex. Rhizopus)

What are Algae

Non-taxonomic group of photosynthetic eukaryotes.

• Can be single or multicellular.

• Many are also protozoa.

Examples

• Spirogyra, Volvox

What classification is Algae?

Non- Taxonomic group of photosynthetic eukaryotes

• can be single or multicelluar

• many are also protozoa

WHat are exmaple of Algae in Microbio

Spirogyra, Volvox

What are Helminths?

Non-taxonomic group of parasitic worms

• Have a microscopic larval stage
  

Examples studied in microbiology

• Tape worms, hook worms

What classification are Helminths

Non-taxonomic group of parasitic worms

• have a microscopic larval age

What examples of Helminths are studied in Microbio?

Tape Worms, Hook Worms

What Microbes/Microorganisms are in Non- living infectious agents ?

—Viruses
– Prions
– Viroid

What are viruses?

Particles of nucleic acid and protein that require a host cell to reproduce.

Cause diseases such as herpes, AIDS,
influenza, and SARS-CoV-2.

What can Virus diseases cause?

herpes, AIDS, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2

What can Prions

• Infectious proteins
• Cause diseases such as Mad Cow Disease,
Scrapie, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, and Kuru

What diseases can Prions cause

Mad Cow Disease,
Scrapie, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, and Kuru

What are Viroids?

infectious circular RNA molecules

• Do not produce proteins

Primarily infect plant cells

What do Viroids cause

Primarily infect plant cells

Name the major categories used in the current system of classification of living organisms from Domain to Species.

Domain (Most general)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus

Species (Most specific)

What is Binomial Nomenclature?

All organisms have two-word scientific names

Consists of the genus and species

Both words are written in italics

What is Genus

The first name

Is capitalized, and can be abbreviated for subsequent uses of the organism name.

What is Species

• second name (second part) of a species name

• never capitalized and is never abbreviated

• sometimes referred to as the specific epithet

  • species name included genus and species

State the significance of the species epithet.

Helps to distinguish one species from another within the same genus

Study this image

Describe the importance of taxonomy to the identification and phylogeny of bacteria.

provides a systemic framework for classifying and naming bacteria based on shared charachteristics

aids in understanding evolutionary relationships (phylogeny )

predicting characteristics

Describe how microorganisms are classified based on morphological characteristics, biochemical characteristics, and genetic sequences.

How do we Identify Bacteria?

-Morphological characteristics
– Biochemical characteristics
– Genetic sequences

Describe how Morphological Charachttistics classify M.O

Based on the shape of the organism

Some structures like flagella and endospores
can be helpful for classification

Some morphological characteristics can be detected by differential staining

• Gram staining

• Acid-fast staining

Describe how Bio Chemical test classify M.O

• Tests based on the metabolic reactions that
  the bacteria utilize
  

• Many tests can be done simultaneously with a
  rapid identification kit

Describe how Bio Chemical test classify M.O

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

• Very sensitive

• Amplifies specific DNA sequences

• Sequences specific to strains of bacteria, viruses, or other infectious agents, can be chosen

Whole genome sequencing

• Sequences all of the DNA of an unknown bacterium

• Very accurate

DNA chips

• A glass chip with many small spots of DNA

• Spots correspond to the sequence of genes of different organisms

• Allows very rapid identification