Bio 20, The digestive and respiratory systems

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Everything involved with the human digestive and respiratory systems

Last updated 6:29 PM on 3/26/23
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138 Terms

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What are carbohydrates composed of?
C, H, O
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Nucleases
enzyme that breaks down DNA and RNA into nucleotides
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Substrates
substances that enzymes act on
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Lipids
fats that are used for energy storage, insulation, membranes (phospholipid), and hormones
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Saturated fats
Fat molecules with no double bonds between the carbon atoms
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Unsaturated fats
Fat molecules with double bonds between the carbons
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Nucleic acid
long chains of nucleotides that direct the growth and development of all organisms
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What are the two types of nucleic acid?
DNA and RNA
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Proteins
made of amino acid sub units bonded together by peptide bonds
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Peptide bond
bond between the amino group of one one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another in a protein
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Macromolecules
Large molecules made up of smaller molecules called subunits
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Large intestine
Portion of the digestive system used to concentrate and eliminate waste comprised of the colon, rectum, and anal canal
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Elimination
The removal of a waste product from the body
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Absorption
transporting nutrients from the digestive tract to the blood stream
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Mouth
First structure in the GI tract that chews and mixes food with saliva (physical and chemical)
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Pharynx
Common passage-way of food and air
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Epiglottis
Flap over the trachea near the esophagus that prevents food from entering the lungs
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Esophagus
directs food from the mouth to the stomach using peristalsis and gravity
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Peristalsis
wave like muscle contractions in the esophagus
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Stomach
adds acid, enzymes, and fluid to the food while churning, mixing and grinding the food into a liquid mass
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Chyme
liquid food mixed with gastric juices from the stomach
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What does the stomach use to digest?
It uses enzymes for chemical digestion and muscle contractions for physical digestion
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Esophageal sphincter
small muscle between the esophagus and stomach that controls the flow of food
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Pyloric sphincter
Small muscle between the stomach and the duodenum (small intestine) that controls the flow of food
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What is gastric juice made of?
Water, mucus, salt, HCl, and enzymes
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Small intestine
A long tube that secretes macromolecule digesting enzymes and absorbs hydrolyzed molecules into the bloodstream
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Three regions of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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Segmentation
contractions of circular muscle of the small intestine
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Liver
creates bile which digests fats
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Bile
digestive fluid emulsifies fat (physical digestion)
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Gall bladder
Stores extra bile from the liver in-between meals and sends bile into the duodenum
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Pancreas
Secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid and digest macromolecules at the duodenum
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What is pancreatic fluid made of?
Enzymes like trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, and lipase
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Salivary amylase
Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into simpler sugars
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Gastrin
stomach hormone that stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and the inactive precursor molecule of pepsin from glands in the stomach
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Carbohydrases
an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of carbohydrates
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Catalyst
a trigger that speeds up a reaction
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triglycerides
comprised of three fatty acids and one glycerol
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Lipase
Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
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Proteases
Enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptide bonds that link amino acids in proteins and peptides
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Trypsin/chymotrypsin
a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine
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Digestive system
system used to break down food into its chemical components using enzymes and absorb the nutrients
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GI tract
structures in the digestive system that food moves through Ex. stomach
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Rugae
folds along the sides of the stomachs used to increase the surface area and for expansion as the stomach fills
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Villi
Small finger like folds along the inside of the small intestine used to absorb nutrients more efficiently
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Bolus
mass of chewed food mixed with saliva on its way down to the stomach
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Competitive inhibitor
When a different chemical attaches to an enzymes active site and blocks any substrate from binding
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non-competitive inhibitor
when other chemicals attach to the active site of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to morph and change shape and prevent the substrate from bonding
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Carbohydrates
Used as fuel, are a major energy source, and an important structural material
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What are carbohydrates commonly classified as?
Sugars, Starches, Cellulose
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What are carbohydrates properly classified as?
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
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Examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose
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What is dehydration synthesis?
formation of a new covalent bond by releasing a OH group and a H atom
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What is hydrolysis?
breaking apart a macromolecule by adding a water molecule
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What are examples of disaccharides?
Sucrose, Maltose, Lactos
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What happens during a hydrolosis reaction
Disaccharides are broken apart
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What are polysaccharides?
Long chains of multiple sugar units
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What are disaccharides?
two bonded monosaccharides
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What is a monosaccharide
one sugar compound
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What are the three main polysaccharides?
Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
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What does starch turn into when digested?
Sugars
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What enzyme breaks down starch?
Amylases
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Where is glycogen stored?
In the liver and muscles
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Where is cellulose found?
Plants
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What is cellulose used for in humans?
Fibre and bulk
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What are lipids composed of?
Glycerol, 3 Molecules of Fatty Acids
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What do lipids exist as?
Oils and Fats
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What are proteins made up of?
Long chains of amino acid
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A temporary or reversible change in the shape of a protein is called:
Denature
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A permanent change in the shape of a protein is called;
Coagulation
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What are enzymes?
Protein molecules that act as biological catalysts
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What are co-enzymes?
Usually Vitamins
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What are cofactors?
Small inorganic ions
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5 Factors effecting enzyme activity
Temperature, pH, Concentration of Enzyme/Substrate, Competitive Inhibitors, Negative Feedback
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What temperature do enzymes work the best in in humans
30C
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Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable or constant internal environment
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Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions occurring within an organism
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Buffers
Act to ensure/maintain a constant pH
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What are the 2 main functions of the digestive system?
Break down food and absorb nutrients
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Mechanical Digestion
Increases surface area in the mouth by teeth chewing and stomach churning.
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Chemical Digestion
Uses enzymes, occurring in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine
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What does saliva contain
Mucin, Amylose
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What does Mucin do?
Binds food together for swallowing
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What does Amylose do?
Chemically digests starch to maltose to form bolus
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What do the glandular cells in the esophagus do?
Secrete mucin to lubricate the food passage
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What is the cardiac sphincter?
A ring of muscles at the bottom of the esophagus that allows food to enter stomach
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What does Gastric Juice contain?
Pepsinogin, rennin, HCl
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What is Pepsinogin?
An inactive protein digesting enzyme
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what does pepsinogen turn into when HCl is added
Pepsin
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Pepsin
protein-digesting enzyme secreted in the stomach that activates with HCl
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Chyme
Liquidy food from the stomach
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What controls food from leaving the stomach?
Pyloric Sphincter
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What is the Duodenum?
The first part of the small intestine
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Nasal cavity
space in your face behind your nose that acts as a passage way for air
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Nasal passage
Warms, moistens, and cleans incoming air
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Larynx
voice box made of cartilage that contains the vocal cords
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Glottis
opening to trachea
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Trachea
Cartilage supported tube that transports air into the lungs
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Cilia
small hairs that line the inside of the nose and nasal cavity that help clean and filter incoming air
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Upper respiratory tract
the top half of the respiratory system from the trachea and higher