Chapter 21 Ideologies and Upheavals, 1815-1850 (More Detailed)

In what year was Napoleon finally defeated and the conservative powers able to impose a peace settlement?

1814-1815

Which four powers were the main victors at the Congress of Vienna?

Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain

To which year were France's boundaries restored by the Vienna settlement?

1792

Which dynasty was restored to the French throne in 1814-1815?

Bourbon

What was the main purpose of the European balance of power according to the Congress of Vienna?

To preserve peace in Europe

Prussia was strengthened to serve as a 'sentinel' against future aggression from which country?

France

Which new kingdom was created by joining Belgium and Holland?

Kingdom of the Netherlands

Who were the three diplomats who forced Russia and Prussia into a territorial compromise over Poland and Saxony?

Castlereagh (Britain), Metternich (Austria), and Talleyrand (France)

What was the name of the alliance formed by Russia, Austria, and Prussia to combat liberalism and revolution?

Holy Alliance

In which two European countries did Austria, Russia, and Prussia successfully intervene to restore conservative monarchies in the early 1820s?

Spain and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples)

Which region successfully broke away from Spain during this period despite conservative intervention in Europe?

Latin America (Latin American republics)

What were the Carlsbad Decrees (1819)?

Decrees that repressed subversive ideas and organizations in the 38 states of the German Confederation

Who was the leading figure of European conservatism after 1815?

Prince Metternich (Austria)

Metternich believed the best state combined monarchy with what two other elements?

Bureaucracy and aristocracy

Why did Metternich especially fear nationalism in central Europe?

It could break up the multi-ethnic Austrian Empire

Liberalism after 1815 primarily demanded what three things?

Representative government, equality before the law, and individual freedoms (speech, press, assembly)

What economic doctrine did early 19th-century liberals support?

Laissez-faire

Who wrote The Wealth of Nations and criticized mercantilism?

Adam Smith

After 1815, political liberalism became mainly a doctrine of which social class?

The middle class (bourgeoisie)

Some radicals went beyond liberalism and demanded what political system?

Democracy / universal (male) voting rights

Nationalism sought to make cultural unity coincide with what?

State (political) boundaries

Nationalism is closely linked to the rise of modern urban-industrial society because that society needed better what?

Communication (especially a common language and culture)

According to the chapter, 'nations' are recent creations produced by what?

Nationalist ideology, ceremonies, parades, and invented traditions

French utopian socialists wanted to replace individualism with what two principles?

Cooperation and community

Most French utopian socialists believed private property should be what?

Abolished or strictly regulated

Which French socialist proposed small planned communities called 'phalanxes'?

Charles Fourier

Which socialist argued for government-backed workshops to guarantee full employment?

Louis Blanc

Who famously declared 'Property is theft'?

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

In The Communist Manifesto (1848), Marx and Engels saw history as a struggle between which two classes in industrial society?

Bourgeoisie (owners) and proletariat (workers)

Marx adopted the idea of dialectical change from which German philosopher?

Hegel

According to Marx, profits were really what stolen from labor?

Wages / surplus value

Romanticism was in part a revolt against what two 18th-century movements?

Classicism and the Enlightenment

Romantics emphasized emotion, imagination, and what third quality?

Spontaneity

Romantic artists and writers often glorified what two things above all?

Nature and history

Which British poet wrote 'Daffodils' and saw nature as a moral teacher?

William Wordsworth

Which Scottish author popularized the historical novels (e.g., Ivanhoe)?

Sir Walter Scott

Which French female writer (real name Aurore Dupin) used the pen name George Sand and rebelled against social conventions?

George Sand

Name any one of the three great romantic painters mentioned.

Delacroix, Turner, or Constable

Who is considered the first great master of romantic music?

Ludwig van Beethoven

In what year did Greek nationalists under Alexander Ypsilanti begin their war of independence against the Ottoman Turkey?

1821

Greece finally achieved independence in what year?

1830

The British Corn Laws of 1815 protected the interests of whom?

Landowning aristocracy

The British 'Six Acts' of 1819 were passed to suppress what?

Mass meetings and radical agitation

The Great Reform Bill of 1832 primarily benefited which class?

The middle class (it increased voters and gave representation to new industrial cities)

What was eliminated by the Reform Bill of 1832?

Many 'rotten boroughs'

The Anti-Corn Law League, led by Cobden and Bright, achieved repeal of the Corn Laws in what year?

1846

The Ten Hours Act of 1847 limited the workday for whom?

Women and young people in factories

The majority of Ireland's population in the 1840s were Catholic tenants renting from whom?

English (or Anglo-Irish) Protestant landlords

The Irish population explosion before the Great Famine was largely due to heavy reliance on which crop?

The potato

The worst years of the Great Irish Famine were what?

1845-1849

Charles X was forced to abdicate after he repudiated which document in 1830?

The Constitutional Charter of 1814

Who became 'King of the French' after the 1830 Revolution?

Louis Philippe (the 'Bourgeois Monarch')

Louis Philippe's chief minister who refused electoral reform was whom?

François Guizot

The Second French Republic (1848) introduced what major democratic reform?

Universal male suffrage

The National Workshops in Paris (1848) were a compromise between moderates and whom?

Socialists

The violent worker uprising in Paris after the closing of the National Workshops is called what?

The June Days (1848)

Who was elected president of the Second French Republic in December 1848?

Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)

Leader of the 1848 Hungarian revolution who demanded autonomy and universal suffrage?

Lajos Kossuth

Serfdom was abolished in the Austrian Empire in what year as a result of the 1848 revolutions?

1848

Which emperor ascended the Austrian throne in December 1848 after Ferdinand I abdicated?

Francis Joseph (Franz Joseph)

Which outside army helped Austria crush the Hungarian revolution in 1849?

The Russian army (Tsar Nicholas I)

The Frankfurt Assembly of 1848-1849 was dominated by which social class?

Middle-class liberals

The Frankfurt Assembly wanted to create a unified Germany with what kind of government?

Liberal constitutional monarchy

King Frederick William IV of Prussia refused the crown offered by the Frankfurt Assembly in 1849 because he rejected rule by what?

Popular / revolutionary assembly

The 1848 war between German nationalists and Denmark was fought over which two provinces?

Schleswig and Holstein

Which alliance embodied Metternich's 'Concert of Europe' system of intervention?

Quadruple Alliance

The principle that no single power should dominate Europe is called what?

Balance of power

Which British foreign secretary was a key architect of the Vienna settlement?

Lord Castlereagh

The ideological opposite of conservatism in this period is generally called what?

Liberalism

The revolutions of 1848 are often called the 'Springtime of Peoples' because they combined liberalism with what other powerful 19th-century ideology?

Nationalism