Childhood Disorders Exam 1

What is the primary aim of interventions for children and adolescents?

promote further development

In contrast to adults, abnormality in children is often defined in terms of

_______________.

deviances

Multifinality

various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings

Equifinality

similar outcomes stem from different

early experiences and developmental pathways

Are boundaries between normal and abnormal functioning scientifically defined or

relatively arbitrary?

arbitrary

What is resiliency? What are some examples of resiliency?

The ability to fight off or recover from misfortune; child in poverty becomes successful

Risk factor

a variable that precedes a negative

outcome of interest

Developmental tasks in preschool

attachment to caregiver, language, differentiation of self from environment

Developmental tasks for middle childhood

self-control, school adjustment, academic achievement, getting along with peers, role-governed conduct

Developmental tasks for adolescences

successful transition to secondary school, academic achievement, extracurricular activities, close friendships, self identity

Do girls or boys have higher rates of the following disorders? Autism, ADHD,

Depression

autism- boys

ADHD- boys

depression- girls

A high percentage of LGBT youth experience verbal, physical or sexual abuse. TRUE or

FALSE?

T

LGBT youth have higher rates of mental health problems due to the discrimination and/or

abuse that they experience. TRUE or FALSE?

T

According to U.S. phone surveys, what proportion of 10- to 16-year-olds experience

physical or sexual abuse?

1/3

What are some disadvantages that can impair a child's developmental progress?

Etiology

study of the cause of disease

Most often, adaptational failure (unsuccessful progress in developmental milestones) is

due to an ongoing interaction between the individual and the environment. TRUE or

FALSE?

T

What is a sensitive period?

times during which environmental

influences on development are enhanced

What type of conditioning explains the acquisition of problem behavior based on paired

associations between previously neutral stimuli (e.g., homework), and unconditioned

stimuli (e.g., parental anger)?

classical conditioning

Do genes alone determine behavior?

no

What is applied behavioral analysis (ABA), and on what do ABA therapists focus?

Explains behavior as a function of its antecedents and

consequences; Positive and negative reinforcement, extinction, and

punishment

Categorical approach (pros and cons)

pros- Based on informed clinical consensus, disorder are seen as qualitatively distinct categories

cons- Low reliability, not tied to etiology and atheoretical

(descriptions of sx's alone not enough for

diagnosis), lack of emphasis on situation or context, overlap or comorbidity, may lead to labeling relatively healthy children

as disordered

Dimensional approach (pros and cons)

pros- Assumes a that a number of dimensions or traits of bx

exist, all children have these dimensions or traits to varying

degrees, Derived through use of multivariate statistics such as

factor analysis, more objective and typically more reliable than clinically

derived classification systems like the DSM-5

cons- Too complex, dependent on sampling method, informant

characteristics, age and gender of children, lack of emphasis on contextual factors, sometimes categorical decisions must be

made

The DSM-5, a categorical approach to diagnosis, emphasizes situational and contextual

factors of the child. TRUE or FALSE?

F

The commonly identified dimensions of child psychopathology and the examples of

items/symptoms that reflect each dimension.

internal framework understanding the world, self, and others

What are some examples of internalizing and externalizing symptoms?

internal- depression, anxiety, social impairments.... external- aggression

What is the eclectic therapeutic approach and what percentage of clinicians identify this

approach as their own?

combines different therapeutic tools and approaches to fit the needs of the individual client

Which theoretical approach views childhood disorders as the results of faulty thought

patterns and faulty learning and environmental experiences?

cognitive behavioral

Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

difficulties with social interaction and

communication, highly focused interests and/or repetitive

activities or rituals, intellectual and language impairment commonly occur with ASD

Individuals with ASD have profound difficulties with social interactions, even when they

have average or above average intelligence. TRUE or FALSE?

t

What is joint attention?

shared focus of two individuals on an object

At what ages does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that children be

screened for ASD?

18 and 24 months

Unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment (e.g., visual fascination with

lights, or excessive smelling or touching of objects) is an example of restricted and

repetitive patterns of behavior indicative of ASD. TRUE or FALSE?

t

According to the CDC, 1 in ____ children in the U.S. have been diagnosed with ASD.

59

Who may refer a child for treatment? 

a- parents

b- teachers

c-pediatricians 

d- all of the above

all of the above

John Locke advanced the belief that children were

emotionally sensitive beings

Which method did Jean- Marc Itard use to tame the “wild boy of Aveyron”?

massages, electric shock, and hot baths

At the end of the 19th century, children with mental retardation were regarded as

imbeciiles

At the end of the 19th century, children with normal cognitive abilities but disturbing behavior were thought to be

suffering from moral insanity

During the early part of the 20th century, the biological disease model of mental problems led to

eugenics and segregation

The development of __________ treatment can be traced back to the rise of behaviorism in the early 1900s

research-based

In the first half of the 20th century, most children with mental disorders were

institutionalized

The work of Rene Spitz

raised serious questions about the harmful impact of institutionalization of children's development

Psychological disorders are defined as patterns of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms, which are associated with

distress, disability, and increased risk for further suffering or harm  

In contrast to adults, abnormality in children is often described in terms of:

relationships

Boundaries between abnormal versus normal functioning are

relatively arbitrary

Which of the following is not a developmental task of middle childhood

differentiation of self from environment

Conduct disorder may arise from different developmental pathways, a concept known as:

equifinality

Phone surveys suggest that about ________ of 12- to 17-year-olds met criteria for either posttraumatic stress disorder, major

depressive episode, or substance abuse/dependence.

16-19%

What might be a lifelong consequence associated with child psychopathology?

increased demands on health and education systems

Etiology refers to the ___________ of childhood disorders.

causation

The failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones is referred to as:

adaptational failure

An organizational view of development implies a(n) _____________ process.

dynamic

Children's development occurs in a(n) ____________ manner.

organized and hierarchical

The developmental psychopathology perspective is best viewed as a:

macroparadigm

A central tenet of developmental psychopathology is that to understand maladaptive behavior it is necessary to consider:

what is normative for a given period of development

Which of the following statements about neural development is false?

The connections in the brain are relatively pre-determined and the environment cannot change their course.

Which of the following statements about genetics is false?

Genes determine behavior.

The problem with family aggregation studies is that they:

do not control for environmental variables

The part of the brain that regulates our emotional experiences, expressions, and impulses is the:

limbic system

The ___________ gland plays a role in energy metabolism and growth, and is implicated in certain eating disorders.

thyroid

The ___________ gland oversees the body's regulatory functions by producing several hormones, including estrogen and

progesterone

pituitary

____________ acts like a "switch" in the brain, turning on various circuits associated with certain types of behavior.

Dopamine

_________ problems refer to weak or absent control structures, whereas _________ problems mean that existing control

structures operative in a maladaptive way

Regulation, dysregulation

Brofenbrenner's (1977) model does not include a consideration of:

The child in isolation. the child's family members, the society in which the child lives

Attachment theory considers crying (in an infant) to be a behavior that:

enhances relationships with the caregiver

The process of attachment typically begins between _________ of age

6-12 months

infants that explore the environment with little affective interaction with the caregiver are likely to have a(n) ____________

attachment pattern

anxious-avoidant

___________ theorists argue that a child's behavior can only be understood in terms of relationships with others

Family systems

The relationship between assessment and intervention is best viewed as:

related and on-going

The detailed representation of the individual child or family as a unique entity is referred to as a(n) ___________ case formulation.

idiographic

The over-representation of boys with psychological disorders likely reflects:

referral biases

Which of the following is not included in a clinical description?

assessment of various symptoms

The formal assignment of a clinical case to a DSM-IV-TR classification category is referred to as a(n):

taxonomic diagnosis

___________ means generating predictions concerning future behavior under specified conditions.

Prognosis

Semi-structured interviews tend to be _______________ than unstructured interviews.

more consistent and less spontaneous

Which of the following would generally not be assessed by behavioral assessment methods?

mood

An advantage of behavior checklists over interviews is that checklists allow a clinician to ______________ while interviews

typically do not

compare results to a normative sample

Neuropsychological assessments are primarily used to:

make inferences about central nervous system dysfunction

Categorical classification systems are based primarily on:

informed clinical consensus

The ___________ classification approach assumes that all children possess the same traits to varying degrees.

dimensional

If a child with asthma were suffering from anxiety because of the fear of an impending attack, the asthma would be noted on Axis

_____ of the DSM-IV-TR.

III

Which of the following is not a criticism of the DSM-IV-TR?

It fails to consider factors such as culture, age, and gender associated with the expression of each disorder.

___________ refers to efforts to increase adherence with treatment over time to prevent reoccurrence

Maintenance

Seeing a child individually for a limited number of treatment sessions is referred to as the ___________ model of treatment.

conventional