Module 3: Endocrine System (Intro and Pituitary Gland)

Endocrine System:

• Exocrine glands have ___

• Endocrine glands present as what?

  • What does in secrete into the bloodstream?

• Exocrine: Ducts

• Endocrine: Cell Clusters

  • Secrete Hormones

Endocrine System:

• T/F: Tissue are NOT considered Endocrine Glands even though they may have Endocrine Function

  • Heart, Thymus, Gut, Kidney, Adipocytes

True

Endocrine Dysfunction: General S/S

• What are considered SYSTEMIC S/S? (Pt 1 - 6)

• Polydipsia

  • Excessive Thirst

• Growth Dysfunction

• Skin Pigmentation

  • Dark Spots @ Neck, Armpits, Antecubital Fossa, Knees

• Skin Tags (@ Neck)

• Polyuria

  • Excessive Urination

• Frequent Hypoglycemia/Sugar Cravings

Endocrine Dysfunction: General S/S

• What are considered SYSTEMIC S/S? (Pt 2- 5)

• Increased Vitals

• Gair Loss/Thinning

• Brittle Nails

• Nervousness/Anxiety

• Dysmenorrhea

Endocrine Dysfunction: General S/S

• WHat are considered NEUROMUSCULAR S/S? (7)

• Muscle Weakness

• Periarthritis

• Myalgia

• Arthralgia (General Stiffness)

• OA

• Muscle Atrophy

• Frozen Shoulder

Pituitary Gland

Pituitary Gland

Pituitary Gland:

• Embryology means partially formed by what?

• Brain and Oral Cavity

Anterior Pituitary Gland:

• ____ connections via what Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal _____ system

• Synthesizes what?

• Vascular Connections VIA Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System

• Synthesizes its own 6 hormones

Posterior Pituitary Gland:

• ____ connections via Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal ____ through Infundibulum to Hypothalamus

• Storage/release site of ___ hormones synthesized where?

• Neural connections VIA Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Tract

• 2; Hypothalamus

Anterior Pituitary Gland:

• What are the 6 main hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland?

• Prolactin

• Human Growth Hormone

• Adrenocortictropin (ACTH)

• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

• Luteinizing Hormone

• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Prolactin:

• Stimulates production of what after childbirth

• Affects sex hormone levels from what organs:

  • Men:

  • Women:

• Also affects what?

• Breast Milk Production

• Affects Sex Hormones

  • Men: Testes

  • Women: Ovaries

• Affects Fertility

Human Growth Hormone:

• Stimulates what in childhood?

• Is important for maintaining what 2 things in adulthood?

• In adults, GH is important for maintaining what? (2)

• Also affects distribution of what in the body?

• Growth

• Maintaining Healthy Body Composition and Well-Being in adults

• Maintaining Muscle and Bone Mass

• Fat Distribution

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH):

• Stimulates the production of what by what gland?

• Cortisol by Adrenal Gland

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH):

• Stimulates what gland to produce what hormones?

• Thyroid Gland to produce Thyroid Hormones

Luteinizing Hormone:

• Stimulates production of what hormone in MEN?

• Stimulates the release of what in WOMEN?

• Men: Testosterone Hormone production

• Women: Egg Release (Ovulation)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH):

• Promotes production of what in MEN?

• Stimulates ____ to produce and develop what in WOMEN?

• Men: Sperm Production

• Women:

  • Stimulates Ovaries

    • Produce Estrogen

    • Develop Eggs

Posterior Pituitary Gland:

• Secretory neurons w cell bodies in the ____ produce hormones which are stored in the ____ until a nerve impulse stimulates relase and subsequent capillary ____

• Hypothalamus

• Axons

• Uptake

Posterior Pituitary Gland:

• What are the 2 hormones released by the Posterior Pituitary Gland?

• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

  • AKA Vasopressin

• Oxytocin

Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin):

• Retains water by increasing what?

• Reuptake in the Kidneys

Oxytocin:

• Stimulates what during labor?

• Stimulates secretion of what from Mammillary Glands?

  • This secretion is induced by what?

• Also produces what type of bonding?

• Uterine Contraction

• Breast Milk Secretion

  • Induced by Infant Sucking and Crying

• Pair Bonding (Baby and Mom bonding post labor)

Benign Pituitary Adenoma:

• Acromegaly/Giantism =

• Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency =

• Cushing’s Syndrome =

• Diabetes Insipidus =

• ___pituitarism

• Acromegaly/Giantism = Excess GH

• Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency = Insufficient GH

• Cushing’s Syndrome = Excess Cortisol

• Diabetes Insipidus = ADH

• ___pituitarism = HYPOpituitarism

Excess GH:

• “Giantism” occurs when?

• “Acromegaly” occurs when?

• G = Childhood BEFORE closure of growth plates

• A = Adulthood AFTER closure of growth plates

Excess GH:

• What physical characteristics occur for people w Excessive GH? (6)

• Enlarged lips, nose, tongue, pores

• Deepened forehead creases

• Deep Voice

  • due to enlarged vocal cords and sinuses

• Thick, coarse, oily skin w Psoriasis, Hyperhydrosis, Skin Odor

• Skin Tags

  • Tiny projections on the skin

• HA, Fatigue, Weakness, Achy Joints

Excess GH:

• How does Excess GH affect:

  • Men:

  • Women:

  • Overall:

• Men:

  • Erectile Dysfunction

• Women:

  • Disruption of Menstrual Cycle

  • Breast Discharge (sometimes)

• Overall:

  • Diminished Libido

Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency:

• What can cause Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency?

• Damage to Pituitary Gland from Tumor or Side Effects of tx of Tumor

Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency:

• Cause INCREASE: (4)

• Increase: (4)

  • Central Adipose

  • LDL Levels

  • Sensitivity to Cold or Heat

  • Fx rates in Middle + age

Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency:

• Cause DECREASE (4)

• Decrease: (4)

  • Lean Body Mass

    • Muscle/Protein Deficiency

  • Strength, Stamina, Exercise Capacity

  • Bone Density

  • HDL Levels

  • QOL

Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency:

• Cause EXCESSIVE: (4)

• Excessive:

  • Tiredness

  • Anxiety

  • Depression

  • Social Isolation

Cushing’ s Disease/Syndrome:

• When does Cushing’s SYNDROME occur?

• When does Cushing’s DISEASE occur?

  • Conditions associated with (2)

• Syndrome:

  • Excess Cortisol Levels

  • If it originates ANYWHERE else

• Disease:

  • Source of the problem is the PITUITARY GLAND itself

    • Benign Pituitary Adenoma

      • Increases ACTH

    • Pituitary Hyperplasia

Cushing’s Syndrome:

• Long-term use of what?

  • What medication to use for Anti-Inflammation?

    • Name of Drug?

  • Less commonly,

    • ___ ___ is used for Joint Pain

    • ___ for Eczema

• Long Term use of Cortisol-Like Rx:

  • Oral Corticosteroids

    • Prednisone

  • Less Commonly

    • Corticosteroid Injection = Jt Pn

    • Topical = Eczema

Cushing’s Syndrome:

• What are 3 conditions associated with Cushing’s Syndrome?

• Benign Adrenal Adenoma

  • Too much Cortisol from Adrenal Gland

• Non-Pituitary Tumors producing ACTH

• Family Cushing’s

Cushing’s Syndrome:

• Gender:

• Age:

• MC Symptom:

• Excessive/Sudden weight gain where?

• Gender: W > M

• Age: 30-40 years

• Moon Face

  • Face rounded and red

• Around Trunk (GI distress)

Cushing’s Syndrome:

• 6 Other Symptoms:

• Edema

• Weak Muscles (ESPECIALLY LE)

• Weak Bones

  • Susceptible to Fx

• Bruise easily, thin skin, red/purple stretch marks (Striae)

• Irregular Menstrual Periods, Hirsutism

• Mood swings, brain fog, poor concentration/memory loss

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

• DI is a problem with production or action of what hormone?

• Lack of __ __ leading to excessive thirst and urination

• How is DI an EMERGENCY?

• ADH/Vasopressin

• Lack of Fluid Retention

• EMERGENCY

  • Will succumb to SEVER DEHYDRATION if left untreated = ER

DI:

• Central DI is related to damage of what structures from Sx, Tumor, Virus, or Head Injury

• Nephrogenic DI:

  • Related to what disease?

  • Can cause side effects from what 2 drugs?

• Central DI:

  • Pituitary Gland

    • OR

  • Hypothalamus

• Nephrogenic DI:

  • Genetic Chronic Kidney Disease

  • Drugs

    • Lithium (Bipolar)

    • Foscarnet (Antiviral)

DI:

• Gestation DI is related to what?

• Idiopathic DI probably has ____ implications

• Gastro:

  • RARE

  • Placental Enzyme destroys ADH

• Idio:

  • Autoimmune

Hypopituitarism:

• Main Symptoms (Pt 1 - 6)

• Excessive tiredness, decreased energy

• Muscle weakness

• Reduced body hair

• Decreased libido

• Weight gain

• Increase sensitivity to temp

Hypopituitarism:

• Main Symptoms (Pt 2 - 6)

• Constipation

• Dry Skin

• Pale Appearance

• Low BP, HA, Dizziness

• Vision Disturbance

• DI

Hypopituitarism:

• Symptoms specific to:

  • Males:

  • Females:

• M: Erectile Dysfunction

• F: Irregular Periods