MESH and S&P

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

motivations

need or desire that energizes and directing behavior

instinct theory

view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses

physiological needs

basic physical or biological needs required by every human to sustain life

reduction theory

idea that a physiological need that creates an aroused tension state

hierarchy of needs

physiological → safety → psychological needs

glucose

sugar that’s our body’s main form of energy s

set point

balance on “weight thermostat” within each of us

basal metabolic rate

calories a person’s basic bodily functions consumea

arcuate nucleus

neural network that secretes appetite stimulating hormoneso

obesity

BMI over 30

neophobia

dislike of unfamiliar things

situational influences on eating

arousing appetite, friends and food, serving size, selections stimulate, nudging nutrition

asexual

having no sexual attraction to others

testosterone

most important male sex hormones

estrogens

sex hormones in females

human sexual response cycle

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

affiliation need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

avoidance

feeling discomfort over getting close to others

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorptiong

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

achievement motivation

desire for significant accomplishment, mastery of skills or ideas, and attaining a high standard and a sense of controlem

emotion

physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

James-Lange Theory

arousal before emotion: emotion is the awareness of physiological responses to stimulus

Cannon-Board Theory

Arousal and Emotion Simultaneously: emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and subjective experience of emotionr

two-factor theory (Schachter-Singer)

to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

spillover effect

arousal response to one event that spills into our response for the next eventr

reappraisal

reduces distress and corresponding amygdala response

insula

neural center deep inside the brain

polygraph

machine that measures physiological responses accompanying emotion

Charles Darwin’s Theory

people communicated threats, greetings, and submissions with facial expressions

facial feedback effect

tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

behavior feedback effect

tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actionss

stress

process by which we perceive and respond to stressors

motivational conflict theory (Kurt Lewin)

explains conflicts we face between our different approach and avoidance motives

approach conflict

2 appealing choices and don’t know what to do

avoidance conflict

choosing between 2 undesirable choices

phases of our stress response

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

tend-and-befriend response

under stress, people (women) often provide support (tend) and bond

health psychology

subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

psychoneuroimmunology

how stress affects the immune system

Type A

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger-prone people

Type B

easygoing, relaxes poeple

optimism

expecting things to work out well

pessimism

expecting things to go badly

oxytocin

gene that enhances the social-bonding hormone

social support

feeling liked and encourage by intimate friends and familya

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness

biofeedback

recording, amplifying, feeding back info about subtle psychological responsesm

mindfulness meditation

reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgemental and accepting mannerth

three pillars of positive psychology

positive wellbeing, positive character, positive groups, communities and cultures

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good moodpo

positive psychology

scientific study of human flourishing, with goals of helping people thrive

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with lifea

adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

relative deprivation

perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

flow

focused statement of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

studied work fulfillment and came up with flowps

personnel psychology

subfield that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

human factors psychology

branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact

haptic feedback

communication of vibration, motion, physical resistance to a user “haptics”the

the curse of knowledge

when better-informed people find it extremely difficult to think about the problems from the perspective from lesser-informed poeples

sensation

sensory receptors detect stimuli, encode and pass neural information to the brain

perception

the brain organizes and interprets information

top-down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

bottom-up processing

analysis that begins with sensory receptors that works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

selective attention

focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulusco

cocktail party effect

ability to attend to only one voice among many (can pick your name up from anywhere)

sensory receptors

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuliin

inattention blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

changed blindness

failing to notice changes in the environment

transduction

conversation of one form of energy into another

psychophysics

study of relationships between characteristics of stimuli, such as intensity, and our psychological experience of them

Weber’s Law

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

absolute threshold

minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

signal detection theory

predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background noise

subliminal

below one’s absolute threshold of conscious awarenessd

difference threshold

minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

sensory adaption

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulationpe

perceptual set

mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

psychokinesis

ability to move objects with one’s mind

parapsychology

paranormal phenomena; including ESP and psychokinesise

extrasensory perception (ESP)

controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

intensity

amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness

transduce

transform energy into neural messages

wavelength

distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

hue

dimension of color determined by wavelength ofc light

cornea

eye’s clear, protective outer layer, covering the pupil and iris

pupil

adjustable opening through which light enters

iris

ring of muscle tissue that forms colored portion of eye and controls size of pupil opening

lens

transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

retina

light-sensitive inner surface of eye

accommodation

lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

rods

peripheral vision

cones

fine detail and color

blind spot

the point at which optic nerve leaves the eye and no receptor cells are located there

photoreceptors

rods and cones

fovea

the central focal point in the retina

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

three different color receptors, red, green, blue