Anatomy 2 Exam III

How are the Nervous and Endocrine systems Regulated?

Regulated primarily by negative feedback mechanisms and both preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating other cells, tissues, organs, and systems

Primary Endocrine Organs:

• Hypothalamus

• Pituitary Gland

• Thyroid Gland

• Adrenal Glands

• Pineal Gland

• Parathyroid Glands

Hypothalamus/HT:

Produces hormones, releases them to the pituitary gland

Pituitary Gland/PG:

Stores hormones in the anterior + posterior

Adrenal Glands:

Secretes adrenaline/epinephrine→ medulla

Cortisol→ cortex

Renal: Kidney

Pancreas (Pancreatic Islets):

Insulin→ glucose

Pineal Gland:

Helps us to sleep by secretes melatonin

Parathyroid Glands:

Helps to control calcium

Para=around

Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland

Where majority are the hormones are stored

Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland

ADH and Oxytocin are the only two stored here

ADH/Vasopresant:

Anti-diuretic→ no going to pee

Oxytocin:

Love hormone, forms attachment

FSH

Males: sperm maturity

Females: ovary development

LH

Males: testis

Females: Ovulation, estrogen + progestins

Adrenal Capsule

Thin, outer connective tissue of the kidney

Adrenal Cortex

Corticosteroids

Adrenal Medulla

Epi/NLI

ATCH

Adrenal glands→ glucocorticoids

GH & Somatomedins

Protein synthesis espically in skeletal muscle

PRL

Produces breastmilk

Mammary glands

MSH

Melanin

C Cells

Calcitonin, decreases calcium in the blood

Main Effects of Thyroid Hormones

• Elevated oxygen rate

• Rise in body temp

• Rise in blood pressure

• Sensitivity to sympathetic stim.

• Respiratory centers

• Stimulation of red blood cell formation

Chief cells

Produces PTH→ increases calcium

Who Secretes Epi/NHI, and What Does It Do?

Adrenal Medulla→ Epi/NE/ activated the sympathetic nervous system

Increases:

• cardiac activity

• blood pressure

• glycogen breakdown and blood glucose

Pancreas

Alpha cells→ glucagon→ increases glucose

Beta Cells→ insulin→ breaks down sugar, decreases glucose

Glucogon & Insulin Relationship

Glucogonn: raises blood glucose by increasing sugar break down to increase blood sugar levels

Insulin: breaks down sugar, decreases blood glucose levels

When one is active the other is inactive

Pineal Gland

Produces melatonin→ circadian rhythms

Cardiac Muscle:

• Intercalated discs

• Striated cells

• Only in the heart

• Aerobic

Flow of Blood

SVC+IVC→RA→TR→RV→PV→PA→LUNGS→PVEINS→LA→BV→LV→AV→A→THE BODY

Semilunar Valves

Aortic + Pulmonary Valves

S1 (Lubb)

Start of ventricular contraction + closure of the AV valves

AV Valves close and Aortic valve closes

S2(Dubb)

Closure of semilunar valves

Aortic valve closes, Left AV valve opens

Cardia Stroke Volume

CO=HR x SV (stroke volume can only be found in the left ventricle (LV))

Conduction System

SA Node→ Internodle Pathway→AV Node→ Bundles→ Bundle Fibers→ Purkinje Fibers

Who Maintains Blood Pressure?

• Kidneys

• Brain

• Nervous System

• Hormones

Capillaries

Exchange gases (O2 +CO2) between blood + tisssues

Arteries

Transport blood away from the heart (oxygenated blood)

Veins

Transport blood to the heart (deoxygenated blood)

Function of Blood

• Transportation of O2 +CO2, ATP(nutrients), hormones, waste

• Defense against toxins + pathogens

• PH regulation +ion composition

• Restriction of fluid loss

• Stabilization of body temp

What Does Whole Blood Consist of?

Plasma + formed elements

What Plasma Protein is the Most Abundant?

Alblumins

What Plasma Protein Produces Antibodies?

Globulins

What Plasma Protein is in Clotting?

Fibrinogen

What are the Plasma Electrolites?

Na, Ca, P, K, Mg, Cl, HCOs

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Oxygen transport

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Defense

Platelets

Clotting

What Protein Carries Oxygen in our Blood?

Hemoglobin

Who Releases Iron into the Bloodstream?

Ferroprotein

What is Heme’s Broken-Down Form?

Biliverdin→ bilirubin

Neutrophils

Bacteria

Eonsophils

Asthma, allergies, parasites

Basophils

Inflammation

Lykocytes

Virus, cancer

Monocytes

Macrophages→ kill

EPO

Released into the plasma when peripheral tissue (especially the kidneys) has low oxygen→ hypoxia

(think Cardi B LMFAOO)