Lesson 2: Earth's Internal Heat Sources & Endogenic Process

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

Processes that are caused by forces within the Earth. An example of this are earthquakes, volcanism, faulting, and plate tectonics

Primordial Heat

Internal Heat Source

The heat that was left over after the Earth was created is known as ________________________________________

collision of rocks and dust

Internal Heat Source

Our planet was created by the _______________________________________ four and a half billion years ago. i

Rocks hitting each other repeatedly throughout time causes friction and eventually turns into heat.

Internal Heat Source

How was primordial heat created?

Radiogenic Heat

Internal Heat Source

The planet is like a thermal engine since some NATURALLY OCCURING ISOTOPES in Earth's interior EMIT HEAT when they decay.

Radioactive decay

Internal Heat Source

The process of an atomic nucleus spontaneously breaking down and releasing its energy and matter

Conduction

Heat Transfer

Heat energy is transferred through the mechanism of conduction when NEARBY ATOMS OR MOLECULES COLLIDE.

solids and liquids

Heat Transfer

conduction happens more easily in ______________________ than in gases

Convection

Heat Transfer

Heat is transferred by ______________________, which is the large-scale movement of molecules inside gases and liquids.

Convection Current

Heat Transfer

Rock from higher in the mantle, which is somewhat colder, progressively descends toward the mantle. Warmer material that is ascending cools as it does so, ultimately being pushed aside by warmer material that is rising and sinking back into the core.

Pangaea moves apart along with convection current

Heat Transfer

What explains why Pangaea moves apart as millions of years go by?

Colder materials sink, warmer materials rises

Heat Transfer

In a convection current, what sinks and what rises?

Mantle

Heat Transfer

What layer of the Earth is hotter?

Asthenosphere or Mantle

Asthenosphere

Heat Transfer

What layer of the Earth has a lower temperature?

Asthenosphere or Mantle

Magma

It is composed of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids (and sometimes crystals) that are found beneath the surface of the Earth.

Magma

They are formed when conditions are right to cause preexisting solid rocks to melt.

Decompression Melting

Magma Formation

Melting due to a decrease in pressure.

Magma Formation

The ___________________ in pressure affecting a hot mantle rock at a ________________ temperature permits melting, forming magma

Decompression Melting

Magma Formation

This process of hot mantle rock rising to shallower depths in the Earth occurs in mantle plumes, beneath rifts, and beneath mid-ocean ridges.

restrict the material from melting

Magma Formation

Kapag mataas yung pressure kaya imaintain yung chemical bonds ng mga atom and _______________________________________________.

near

Magma Formation

The pressure will decrease if it is ____________________ the surface.

Flux Melting

Magma Formation

Melting as a result of the addition of volatiles

Flux melting

Magma Formation

________________________ occurs when water vapor or carbon dioxide is added to rock

Volatiles

Magma Formation

gases that weaken or break down the chemical bonds between atoms

The rock's melting point will decrease = faster rate of melting

Magma Formation

What happens when volatiles come in contact with rocks?

Denser oceanic crust

Magma Formation

_______________________________ subducts when converging with continental crust.

Heat Transfer Melting

Magma Formation

Rising magma from the mantle brings the heat with it and transfers it to their surrounding rocks at shallower depths which may melt.

Decompression melting and heat transfer.

Places Where Magma Can Form

Mid-oceanic Ridges

Decompression melting and heat transfer.

Places Where Magma Can Form

Mantle Plumes (Hot Spots)

Flux melting and heat transfer.

Places Where Magma Can Form

Subduction Zone

Density Contrast

Flow of Molten Material

Magma rises faster when the difference in density between the magma and the surrounding rock is greater.

less dense

Flow of Molten Material

The molten material must be ____________________ compared to its surrounding rock for it to rise.

Viscosity

Flow of Molten Material

Measure of a fluid's resistance to flow

more easily

Flow of Molten Material

Molten materials with low viscosity, flow _______________ than those with high viscosity.

Low

Flow of Molten Material

High viscosity = ___________ mobility

High

Flow of Molten Material

Low viscosity = ___________ mobility

Lower

Flow of Molten Material

Increasing Temperature = ______________ viscosity

Lower

Flow of Molten Material

Increasing Volatile Content= ______________ viscosity

Higher

Flow of Molten Material

Increasing Silica Content = _______________ viscosity

more tightly , denser

Flow of Molten Material

Low gas content means the molecules are packed _______________ meaning the material will be _____________.