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Flashcards of key terms and definitions from the lecture notes.
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Ethics
Substantiated standards of right and wrong that propose what people should do, coming from obligations, benefits to society, fairness, and specific terms.
Ethical Theories
Obligations, virtues and rights such as honesty, compassion, loyalty, the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Development of Standards
Reasonable and well-founded, constantly looking at the standards to make sure they are still applicable.
Morality
What society thinks is right and wrong, why do we think this is a wrong action.
Morals
Evaluated with ethical theories why we think something is right and wrong.
Ethics Study
A rational systematic analysis of conduct or behavior that can cause benefit or harm.
Consequentialist Ethics
Ethics based on outcomes or results.
Nonconsequentialist Ethics
Ethics based on motivation regardless of the consequences.
Workable Ethics
Ethics relying on logic and reasoning from commonly held values.
Relativism
The good exists inside the human mind, whatever you think is good, that's it.
Objectivism
The good exists outside the human mind
Subjective Relativism
Everyone decides for themselves what's right or wrong.
Cultural Relativism
What's right and wrong depends on the society's moral guidelines.
Ethical Egoism
Whatever is best for you, whatever is best in your self interest.
Kantianism
The importance of goodwill or the motivation is very important and has two categorical imperatives.
First Categorical Imperative (Kantianism)
Act only from moral rules that you can at the same time will that that universal laws.
Second Categorical Imperative (Kantianism)
Treat both yourself and someone else not as a means to an end, but a means in themself.
Perfect Duty (Kantianism )
Something you're obliged to fulfill without exception, which is telling the truth.
Imperfect Duty (Kantianism)
Fulfilling in general, but maybe not every time, that's helping somebody.
Consequentialist Theory
The evaluation of the consequences to say if an action is right or wrong.
Utilitarianism
Proposed by John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, if there's more benefits than harm, then it's ethical, vice versa, it's unethical.
Act Utilitarianism
Based on the individual action; if the net effect of the affected beings is more happiness, more benefit, then it is ethical.
Act Utility Goal
Right or wrong to the extent it increases or decreases the total happiness of affected parties, you have to list who all the affected parties are.
Bentham's Attributes
Intensity, duration, certainty, particularity, fecundity, purity, and extent used to measure the action itself of sanity, purity, and extent.
Fecundity
Will it produce more experiences of the same kind.
Act Utility
The effect of the action of the person.
Rule Utilitarianism
People following the moral rule, there is more good than bad. Following the moral rule and the consequences of it.
Rule
The utility of more benefits, less harms.
Social Contract
We implicitly accept because we live in a community, as it benefits the community the most.
Social Contact Purpose
Life we don't want to live in fear, danger, or death.
Social Contract Consequentialism
There is no consequence measurement
Negative Right
A right that means it's guaranteed to you by leaving you alone.
Positive Right
Somebody has to do something on your behalf; somebody's obligated to do something in order for you to have that right.
Absolute Right
Guaranteed without exception.
Limited Right
Freedom of expression.
John Rawls, Principle of Destiny
Each person may claim a fully adequate number of basic rights and liberty so long as these claims are consistent with everyone else having to claim to.
Equality
Fair and equal opportunity to achieve.
Equal Opportunity
Everyone has an opportunity to earn an A.
Equal outcome
Everyone's gonna get an A because they don't know, or everybody's gonna get a C because you're even gonna get a C.
Virtue Ethics
Has intellectual virtues for the reasoning of truth and moral virtues for character such as honesty.
Virtues
Altruism, ambition, charity, compassion, conscientiousness, continence, courteousness, courtesy, discretion, empathy, generosity, hospitality.
Virtue Ethics Goal
Action is an action that a person of good character, acting in good character would do in that circumstance; is an action ethical or unethical.
Virtue Ethics Key
An action that a virtuous person acting in character would do in the same circumstances.
Vices
Opposites of virtues; every virtue is in between two vices.
Rawls's Principle of Justice
Each person may claim a fully adequate number of basic rights and liberty so long as these claims are consistent with everyone else having to claim to.