Ethical Theories

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Flashcards of key terms and definitions from the lecture notes.

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45 Terms

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Ethics

Substantiated standards of right and wrong that propose what people should do, coming from obligations, benefits to society, fairness, and specific terms.

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Ethical Theories

Obligations, virtues and rights such as honesty, compassion, loyalty, the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

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Development of Standards

Reasonable and well-founded, constantly looking at the standards to make sure they are still applicable.

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Morality

What society thinks is right and wrong, why do we think this is a wrong action.

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Morals

Evaluated with ethical theories why we think something is right and wrong.

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Ethics Study

A rational systematic analysis of conduct or behavior that can cause benefit or harm.

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Consequentialist Ethics

Ethics based on outcomes or results.

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Nonconsequentialist Ethics

Ethics based on motivation regardless of the consequences.

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Workable Ethics

Ethics relying on logic and reasoning from commonly held values.

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Relativism

The good exists inside the human mind, whatever you think is good, that's it.

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Objectivism

The good exists outside the human mind

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Subjective Relativism

Everyone decides for themselves what's right or wrong.

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Cultural Relativism

What's right and wrong depends on the society's moral guidelines.

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Ethical Egoism

Whatever is best for you, whatever is best in your self interest.

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Kantianism

The importance of goodwill or the motivation is very important and has two categorical imperatives.

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First Categorical Imperative (Kantianism)

Act only from moral rules that you can at the same time will that that universal laws.

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Second Categorical Imperative (Kantianism)

Treat both yourself and someone else not as a means to an end, but a means in themself.

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Perfect Duty (Kantianism )

Something you're obliged to fulfill without exception, which is telling the truth.

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Imperfect Duty (Kantianism)

Fulfilling in general, but maybe not every time, that's helping somebody.

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Consequentialist Theory

The evaluation of the consequences to say if an action is right or wrong.

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Utilitarianism

Proposed by John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, if there's more benefits than harm, then it's ethical, vice versa, it's unethical.

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Act Utilitarianism

Based on the individual action; if the net effect of the affected beings is more happiness, more benefit, then it is ethical.

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Act Utility Goal

Right or wrong to the extent it increases or decreases the total happiness of affected parties, you have to list who all the affected parties are.

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Bentham's Attributes

Intensity, duration, certainty, particularity, fecundity, purity, and extent used to measure the action itself of sanity, purity, and extent.

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Fecundity

Will it produce more experiences of the same kind.

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Act Utility

The effect of the action of the person.

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Rule Utilitarianism

People following the moral rule, there is more good than bad. Following the moral rule and the consequences of it.

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Rule

The utility of more benefits, less harms.

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Social Contract

We implicitly accept because we live in a community, as it benefits the community the most.

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Social Contact Purpose

Life we don't want to live in fear, danger, or death.

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Social Contract Consequentialism

There is no consequence measurement

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Negative Right

A right that means it's guaranteed to you by leaving you alone.

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Positive Right

Somebody has to do something on your behalf; somebody's obligated to do something in order for you to have that right.

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Absolute Right

Guaranteed without exception.

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Limited Right

Freedom of expression.

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John Rawls, Principle of Destiny

Each person may claim a fully adequate number of basic rights and liberty so long as these claims are consistent with everyone else having to claim to.

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Equality

Fair and equal opportunity to achieve.

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Equal Opportunity

Everyone has an opportunity to earn an A.

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Equal outcome

Everyone's gonna get an A because they don't know, or everybody's gonna get a C because you're even gonna get a C.

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Virtue Ethics

Has intellectual virtues for the reasoning of truth and moral virtues for character such as honesty.

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Virtues

Altruism, ambition, charity, compassion, conscientiousness, continence, courteousness, courtesy, discretion, empathy, generosity, hospitality.

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Virtue Ethics Goal

Action is an action that a person of good character, acting in good character would do in that circumstance; is an action ethical or unethical.

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Virtue Ethics Key

An action that a virtuous person acting in character would do in the same circumstances.

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Vices

Opposites of virtues; every virtue is in between two vices.

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Rawls's Principle of Justice

Each person may claim a fully adequate number of basic rights and liberty so long as these claims are consistent with everyone else having to claim to.