AP Euro Study guhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss protestant reformer in 16th century, known for initiating the Reformation in Zurich. Started expository preaching practices in 1519, eventually using biblical exegesis to go through the entire new testament, replacing Mass.

Martin Luther

Christian protestant reformer and clergyman taught in the University of Wittenberg from the 16th century who posted the 95 theses in Germany, popularized the idea of protestantism and Christian views independent from the Catholic Church. Actively went against the Church and inspired Christian humanist movements after being excommunicated.

John Calvin

French pastor and reformer of the 16th century who created the system of Calvinism which was based on christian theology. In 1536 he went to Geneva and furthered the protestant struggle, publishing beliefs that humans are inherently sinful and that god chooses who he saves.

Suleiman the Magnificent

Became Ottoman sultan in 1520 until his death in 1566. Ruled during the peak of the Ottoman Empire and rose to be a prominent monarch in the 16th century as he led armies himself. Conquered many christian strongholds and left the Ottoman empire in a powerful state that threatened many European powers even after his death.

 Pope Leo X

reigned as pope during 1513-1521 and was a prominent patron of the arts, being born Giovanni de Medici. Most notably, he spent extravagant amounts of money on the rebuilding of St. Peter’s basilica and was responsible for the sale of indulgences, igniting the Reformation

 Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Duke of Burgundy, Lord of the Netherlands, and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556. He was the heir to the House of Habsburg and had many dominions over Europe. He oversaw Spanish colonialism and repopularlized the concept of universal monarchy. Fought against the Protestant Reformation and expansion of the Ottoman Empire.

Frederick the Wise

Elector of Saxony in the early 16th century who was responsible for supporting Martin Luther during the reformation. Founded university of Wittenberg and hid Martin Luther from prosecutors in 1521.

Philip of Hesse

German Nobleman who was one of the first Protestant rulers in Germany. Popularized protestantism in Hesse and championed for the Protestant cause. Challenged many catholic leaders and fought in many wars on the side of protestants.

Francis I

King of France from 1515-1547, born in Cognac, was a renaissance patron of the arts and supported humanism, as well as fighting campaigns in Italy and wars with the Holy Roman Empire under charles V, forming an alliance with the Turks against him.

Conrad Grebel

Cofounder of the Swiss Bretheren movement. Radical reformer who wanted to separate the church from state. Well educated humanist who learned from many famous scholars.

Mary Tudor

queen of England from 1553 to 1558, known for her marriage to Phillip II of Spain and her restoration of catholicism in a violent manner after the protestant revolution. Earned the nickname “bloody mary” after her brutal burnings of heretics.

Thomas Wolsey

English statesman and catholic cardinal. Became Henry VIII’s advisor and economic minister. Became the Archbishop of York and Catholic legate. 

Thomas More

English lawyer,statesman and humanist who was executed in 1535 for treason after refusing to accept Henry VIII’s divorce. He was born in London in 1478 and also known for his writing of the book “Utopia”

Michael Servetus

Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer, and Renaissance humanist who was educated in the University of Zaragoza and Toulouse. Secretary under Charles V and served as a royal advisor. Became the physician to many powerful people. Deemed as a heretic in 1553 and executed for his protestant beliefs.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

French state sponsored massacre of the Huguenots by catholics in PAris and across France in 1572. Triggered by assasination attempt on Huguenot leader Coligny, led to mass mob murderings of thousands, leaving an effect of religious intolerance across europe

Henry of Guise

Powerful Duke who fell in love with Catherine of Cleves. Served under the Guise family which opposed the current monarchy at the time. Was killed by Catherine de’ Medici and King Henry III for political power. Lived 1563-1588 in France.

 Henry VIII

King of England from 1509-1547, known for his 6 wives and his role in the English reformation and the creation of the church of England. He sought a male heir, which led him to break with the roman catholic church to allow him to divorce his wife.

Ignatius of Loyola 

 Spaniard catholic priest and theologian who founded the Jesuits, wanted to reform the Catholic church while keeping the church as the main religious force. Former soldier who fought for the kingdom of Castille.

Pope Paul Ill

pope from Italy who reigned from 1534-1549, key figure in starting counter reformation and reunited the Council of Trent in 1545, making the catholic church’s response to protestants

 Miguel de Cervantes

Spanish writer regarded as the greatest novelist in the Spanish language. Similar to Shakespere but for Spain, wrote Don Quixote. Lived in 1547-1616.

Shakespeare

poet and playwrighter from England 1564-1616, considered one of the greatest poets of all time and wrote about 37 plays and 150 poems, shaped the modern English language by introducing words that would be generally used by most speakers.

Christopher Marlowe

English playwright, poet, and translator. Lived from 1564 to 1593, used blank verse poetry and popularized. Death's reason was unknown and had many close encounters with death.

Peter Paul Rubens

Flemish baroque painter 1577-1640, known for his vivid paintings and earned knighthood from Spanish and English monarchs. Would revolutionize how expressive paintings would be in the following century

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Italian sculptor, architect, city planner, and general Renaissance man. Popularized Baroque sculpture and highly influential to sculpture in general. 1598 - 168025. Rembrandt van Rijn: one of the Dutch Masters from 1606-1669 during the Dutch golden age. Born in the Netherlands, Rembrandt is known for his masterful use of light, shadows and rich, mysterious colorings.

Catherine de Medici

Florentine noblewoman and queen of France. Mother to 3 french kings and intelligent ruler. 1519-1589 and had an age named after her.