Civil Rights Campaings under JFK

Date and Stats of the Sit-ins.

Began Feb 1st 1960, spread to over 50,000 protestors across 3,000 protest in 7 states

Results of the Sit-ins?

Led to creation of Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Arrest of MLK.

CORE’s Campaign in 1947?

Journey of Reconciliation, tested desecration of interstate buses.

Results of Freedom Rides (1961)

Riders faced violent attacks, e.g. bus bombing in Anniston, Alabama. Began with 13 riders, expanded to 60 more rides.

What did Bobby Kennedy make the ICC do?

Enforcing desegregation of Interstate Buses on Nov. 1st 1961.

What was the Albany Campaign?

Organised by SNCC and MLK in Albany, Georgia, to peacefully protest segregation.

Meredith’s involvement and US response.

Entered Ole Miss on Oct. 1st 1962. After a NAACP Legal Victory, sparking riots causing 2 deaths. Bobby deployed 500 US Marshals for protection.

Why did JFK federalise the Nat. Guard?

June 1963 Governor Wallace refused entry to black students.

When and what was the Birmingham Campaign?

1963, Organised by SCLC targeted Birmingham for known brutality under Bull Connor.

When and What was The March on Washington?

Aug. 1963, Organised by SCLC, SNCC, NAACP, MLK to pressure congress on CR legislation.

Stats and Events for March on Washington.

Over 200k marchers at the Lincoln Memorial. MLK “I have a Dream Speech”. Initially opposed by JFK but later supported with 19k troops.

What were White Citizens Councils?

Formed post-Brown v. Topeka, hit 60k members.

Actions of KKK?

Killed NAACP organiser Medgar Evers in 1963. Bombed Birmingham church killing 4 schoolgirls.

Role of Southern Dems (Dixiecrats)?

Often Filibustered CR bills, notably Strom Thurmond’s 24hr filibuster of 1957 CRA

What did Wallace say in his speech after winning in 1962?

“Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.”