pysch final exam

wha is postive reinforcement

Any event whose presence increases the likelihood that behavior will happen again.

what is negative reinforcement

any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelhood that ongoing behavior will happen again.

what is learned helplessness

not being able to aviod an unpleasant stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unaviodable painful stimuli

what is a punishment

conssequences that decrease the chances that a behavior will be repeated.

what is Intrinsic motivation

comes from within, driven by enjoyment, interest, or personal satisfaction in an activity

what is extrinsic motivation

comes from outside, fueled by external rewards like money, praise, or avoiding punishment

what is schedule of reinforcement

a rule determining how often and when a behavior is rewarded

what is continuous reinforcement

a desired behavior is rewarded every single time it occurs

what is fixed interval schedule

reinforcement after a fixed (set) amount of time (ex:getting paid every friday)

what is a fixed ratio schedule

reinforcement after a fixed )set) numbe of responses (paid after every 3rd lawn mowing)

what is the decay theory

explains forgetting as the gradual fading of memory traces over time due to lack of use or rehearsal, suggesting memories weaken unless actively maintained

what is the interference theory

that memories don't just fade but actively interfere with each other, making retrieval difficult

what is rote rehearsal

a memory technique involving the simple repetition of information to keep it in short-term/working memory for a short time

what is elaborative rehearsal

a powerful memory technique where you make new information meaningful by linking it to existing knowledge, experiences, or concepts, creating deeper mental connections for better long-term recall

what is chunking

grouping individual pieces of information into something larger and easier to remember.

what is proactive interference

older memories block our new ones

what is schema

a mental framework or pattern of thought that helps organize and interpret information

what are mnemonics

memory aids or techniques that help people store, and retrieve information more effectively by creating associations with familiar words, images, or patterns

what is cognitive dissonace

the mental discomfort or stress felt when holding two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or attitudes, or when your actions conflict with your beliefs, prompting a motivation to change something to reduce the tension and achieve internal consistency

what is gamblers fallacy

where an individual mistakenly believes that the outcomes of past random events can influence the probability of future random events

what is variable interval schedule

reinforcement after varying amounts of time (ex: hall sweep don’t know when itll happen)

what is variable ratio schedule

reinforcment after a varying number of repsonses (ex: slot machine)

what is retroactive interference

new memories block out old memories

what are erkison’s 8 stages of personality developmet

Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt, Initiative vs. Gulit, Industry vs Inferiority, Identity vs. Role confusion, Itimacy vs. isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation, Integrity

explain the 1st stage of personality development and what age does it occur (erikson)

Trust vs Mistrust (age birth- 1) if baby’s needs are met they trust their enviornment parents and themselves if they are not they become suspicious and fearful.

explain the 2nd stage of personality development and what age does it occur (erikson)

Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt (age 1-3) kids gain increasing autonomy (wanting) to explore surroundings

explain the 3rd stage of personality development and what age does it occur (erikson)

Initive vs. Guilt (age 3-5) kids become more active and undertake new challenges. they show initiative to try new things but if scolded for trying they will feel gulity and unworthy.

explain the 4th stage of personality development and what age does it occur (erikson)

Industry vs.Inferiority (age 6-10) kids now have new expectations at home/ school. if they fail to reach expectations they feel inferior and inadequate (not good enough)

explain the 5th stage of personality development and what age does it occur (erikson)

Identity vs Role confusion (age 11-18) era of life where you figure out where you belong in all roles of life (school, home, work etc) if you don’t figure where you fit in society confusion and despair take over

explain the 6th stage of personality development and what age does it occur (erikson)

Intimacy vs Isolation (age 18-24) the beginning of relationships. You need to have conquered previous stages and know how to love yourself before loving another. issues from previous stages can come out a lot during this time period. Are you your own person or controlled by the other person

explain the 7th stage of personality development and what age does it occur (erikson)

Generativity vs Stagnation (age 35-60) also known as the “mid lif crisis” having to remain productive and joyful in all areas of life. Perpahs starting new or is life a drag

explain the 8th stage of personality development and what age does it occur (erikson)

integritiy vs despair (age 60- death) people must come to terms with approaching death. Accepting ones life sensing it is complete and satisfying. or in contrast the “should of, could of, would of”

what are freud’s 5 stages of development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

explain the 1st stage of personality development and what age does it occur (freud)

oral stage (age brith- 1.5) baby gets sexual pleasure by putting things in theeir mouth, sucking teeth etc. can lead to oral probelms like smoking nail biting

explain the 2nd stage of personality development and what age does it occur (freud)

anal stage (age 1.5- 3.5) potty training stage. baby gets sexual pleasure by learning to control and regulate excretory functions

explain the 3rd stage of personality development and what age does it occur (freud)

phallic stage (age 3-5) penis envy, complex/ electra. complex- sexual fantasies with opposite sex parent. If stuck in this stage women can be flity and men objectify women

explain the 4th stage of personality development and what age does it occur (freud)

latencry period (age 6-12) no sexual desires, sexual urges and fantasies are non existent. boys play with boys, girls play with girls

explain the 5th stage of personality development and what age does it occur (freud)

genital stage (age 13-?) sexual urges/ fantasies reweaken. realzing sexual orientation. physical materity but not emotionally mature.

introverts vs. extroverts

??? focus energy inward, needing alone time to recharge after socializing, preferring deep conversations in small groups, while ??? direct energy outward, gaining energy from social interaction, enjoying larger groups, and being more action-oriented

what are sensory registers

the brain's initial, extremely brief storage for raw information coming from your five senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell)

what is attention

selectively concentrating on specific information or stimuli from the environment while filtering out distractions

what is short term memory

the system that temporarily holds a small amount of information

what is the capacity of short term memory

(around 5-9 items) for a brief period (about 15-30 seconds) before it's forgotten or moved to long-term memory

what are 2 ways to improve learning

chunking and mneomics

what is the difference between rote memorizing and elaborative rehearsal (acual learning)

???? uses simple repetition to keep info in short-term memory, making it prone to quick forgetting, while ????? links new information to existing knowledge, creating deeper meaning and stronger long-term memory

how does variable interval schudule shape our behavior (and give example)

shapes our behavior by leading to steady and consistant rates of responding (like a pop quiz.

how does fixed interval schdule shape our behavior (and give example)

shapes our behavior be creating a pause in behavior after reward (reinforcement) followed by more responding when next reward (reinforcement) is near. (final exams)

what is the eyewitness testimony

people seeing different things or seeing things that didn’t happen.

what is state dependent learning

a memory is best remembered when internal/external state is the same as it was studying when taking the test.

what is classical conditioning.

adding a response that usually comes from a stimulus with another stimulus

what is a unconditioned stimulus (US)

a stimulus that always casues an organism to respond in a specifc way

what is a unconditioned response (UR)

the organisms response to the unconditioned stimulus

what is the condtioned stimulus (CS)

a neutral stimulus added with the uncondioned simtulus

what is a conditioned response (CR)

an organisms resposne to adding the conditioned stimulus.

what is Pavlov’s dog experiment

a learning process where a neutral stimulus (like a bell) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (food) to trigger a learned response (salivation), even without the food present

how do phobias develop

from a mix of genetics, traumatic experiences, and learned behaviors, where a neutral object or situation becomes linked to intense fear, often triggered by a bad event, observing anxious relatives, or even (hearing about danger)