World History Crusades and the Renaissance-Important People

Pope Urban II

Called for Holy War, promised heaven to fallen crusaders

Saladin

Islamic empire ruler, faced Richard in crusades

Richard the Lion-Hearted

English king in 3rd crusade against Saladin

Frederick Barbarossa

Germanic ruler who drowned during crusades

Philip II

French king, clashed with Richard in crusades

William of Tyre

Christian bishop, chronicled Jerusalem's capture

Luttrell Psalter

Depicted biased image of Richard the Lionhearted

Alexius Comnenus

Byzantine emperor seeking aid against Muslim Turks

Robert, Count of Flanders

Recipient of the plea for help from Alexius Comnenus

Nicholas of Cologne

Led fictional children's crusade

Stephen of Cloyes

Co-leader of the army of children in the children's crusade

Pope Leo IX

Enforced laws against simony and priest marriage

Pope Gregory VII

Enforced laws against simony and priest marriage

The Papal Curia

Pope's advisory group, developed canon law

Dominic

Founder of the Dominican order, emphasized study

Francis of Assisi

Founded Franciscan order, valued equal treatment

Clare

Co-founder of the Poor Clares, a Franciscan order for women

Hildegard of Bingen

Founder of the Benedictine order in 1147

Pope Boniface VIII

Imprisoned by King Philip, symbolized Church's waning power

Philip IV

Imprisoned Boniface, influenced papal appointments

Clement V

Moved papacy from Rome to Avignon

Gregory XI

Pope during the end of the Middle Ages

Pope Urban VI

Unpopular Italian pope, part of the papal schism

Clement VII

French pope, deepened the papal schism

Martin V

Final pope after the papal schism