Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Reviewer

Disaster

A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources (Adelman, 2011).

Disaster

• Is a non-routine events
• Growing problem
• Hurt the poor and vulnerable the most

2023 Population

117,337,368

2024 population

119,106,224

Population Density per km^2

337

Philippines

ranked 9th in the world as the most affected country from extreme weather conditions.

Goals of Disaster Readiness andRisk Reduction

• raise awareness• limit the effect of natural hazards (mitigation)
• conduct effective disaster response• reduce risks of disasters to re-occur

mitigation

The action of reducing the severity or seriousness / alleviate or lessen the impact

Natural disaster

Naturally-occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset events

Man-Made disaster

Also called "human-induced", these originate from technological or industrial conditions, including accidents, dangerous procedures ,infrastructure failures, or specific human activities

Natural disasters

are rarely completely natural. It is important to recognize the anthropogenic or human-induced factors that had converted the natural hazard into a disaster.

Beach houses

are usually more expensive due to their aesthetic and recreational value. However, homes and businesses in these locations are exposed to coastal hazards.

Hazard

is primarily a natural source of danger.

Threat

is primarily a "human induced" source of potential danger

Geophysical Hazards

•Earthquakes
•Volcanic Eruptions
• Tsunamis (inc.seiches)
• Landslides
•Subsidence

Hydro-Meteorological hazards

•Floods
•Coastal Erosion
•Hurricanes/cyclones/typhoons
•Tornadoes
•Extreme temperature
•Storm Surges
•Drought
•FIres

Malicious Threat

•War
•Terrorism
•Arson
•Civil unrest
•Vandalism

Non-malicious Threat

•Ineffective planning
•Poor construction
•Poor urbanisation
•Pollution
•Epidemics
•Industrial accidents
•Corruption

Geological

These are caused by internal earth processes, such as earthquakes, volcanic activity and emissions, and related geophysical processes such as mass movements, landslides, rockslides, the surface collapses, and debris or mudflows.

Hydrometeorological

These are phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature ;include tropical cyclones (typhoons and hurricanes), thunderstorms, tornadoes, coastal storm surges, floods including flashfloods, drought, heatwaves and cold spells.

Biological

This type of disaster is caused by processes of organic origin conveyed by biological vectors/agents, including exposure to pathogenic microorganisms, toxins, and bioactive substances; includes outbreaks of epidemic diseases, plant or animal contagion, insect orother animal plagues and infestations.

Disaster

is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

Fire

may be either natural or human-induced.

Natural wildfires can occur when vegetation catches fire during dry and hot periods. These can be caused by lightning strikes, sparks during arid conditions, and volcanic eruptions.

Human-induced fire disasters may be caused by accidents or deliberate arson.

Underlying Disaster Risk Factors

Processes or conditions, often development-related, that influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and vulnerability or reducing capacity.

Underlying Disaster Risk Factors

• Physical
• Psychological
• Socio-cultural
• Economic
• Political
• Biological

Physical

These are tangible objects or infrastructure
.Examples:
• Are fire exits available?
• Is the building sturdy?
• Are there emergency alarms?
• Is the house made of lightweight materials?
• Are there harmful or helpful objects nearby?

Psychological

This factor includes the state of mental capacity, mental health, perception of self, etc.
Examples:
• How old are the persons involved? Babies? Kids? Adults? People with special needs?
• Are they capable of responding to disasters?
• Do they suffer from PTSD?

Socio-cultural

This factor includes religion, social status, traditions, perception by society, etc.
Examples:
• Is there inequality in society? Racism? Discrmination?
• Are traditions exposing them to certain hazards?
• How does religion impact their perception of disaster?

Economic

This factor includes assets and liabilities, income, economic class, etc.
Examples:
• Are those involved poor, middle class, or wealthy?
• Can they afford to live in safe locations?
• Do they have insurance?

Political

This factor includes government structure, laws, policies, diplomatic issues, etc.
Examples:
• Is the country under a state of emergency?
• Is the country at war?
• Does the country enforce sustainable urbanization?
• Is there investment towards disaster reduction?

Biological

This factor includes flora and fauna in the environment, health, diseases, etc.
Examples:
• Are there vectors of diseases in the environment?
• Are there communicable diseases in the community?
• Is there a epidemic or a pandemic?

EFFECTS OF DISASTER TO HUMAN LIFE

Displaced populations
Health Risks
Food Scarcity
Emotional Aftershocks

Primary Effect

a direct result of the hazard itself
Ex. Earthquake

Secondary Effect

caused by the primary effect
Ex. earthquake triggers a landslide, may trigger fires

Tertiary Effect

long term effects that are set off by the primary effect

CONCEPT OF DISASTER

• EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY
• HAZARDS

Hazard

Dangerous Phenomenon

Vulnerabiility

Physical, Social, Economic, Environmental, Coping Capcity, Adaptive Capacity

Exposure

Structures, Population, Agriculture, Business, Assets

hazard, exposure, and vulnerability

three components of disaster risk

World Risk Index (WRI)

It also examines the man -made factors in these calamities, through three components: coping, or the country's level of preparedness and ability to respond effectively to disasters; adaptation, which is the nation's ability to adjust and form "long -term strategies" for climate change; and susceptibility, which measures the citizens' socioeconomic conditions.

EXPOSURE

The situation of the people, property, systems, and other elements present in hazard zones are therefore subject to potential loss.

Exposed elements may be tangible or intangible.

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AT RISK

• Physical
• Societal
• Economic
• Environmental

Physical Elements

•Infrastructure - roads, railway, bridges, harbors, airports etc.

•Critical facilities - emergency shelters, schools, hospitals, •Nursing homes - fire brigades, police etc.

•Utilities - power supply. water supply

•Services - transport, communications, etc.

•Government services - all levels, - national, provincial, local

•Machinery & equipment

•Historical Structures and artifacts.

Societal Elements

•Vulnerable Age group
•Low-income groups
•Landless/Homeless
•Disabled
•Gender
•Single-parent households

Economic Elements

Business and trade activities, Access to work, Agricultural land, Impact on work force, Productivity cost, Opportunity cost

Environmetal elements

Environmental resoruces, air, water, fauna, flora Biodiversity landscape

Exposure

The degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazards events of different magnitude.

To reduce disaster, it is important to reduce vulnerability and to keep exposure away.

Exposure changes over time.

Exposure evolves over time as a result of (unplanned) urbanization, demographic changes, modifications in building practice, and other factors.

This fact must be considered when analyzing data, and in creating disaster preparedness and mitigation plans.

How do we reduce exposure?

• ecosystem management (natural resources)
• land-use planning (assessing hazards)
• insurance (financial recovery)
• an effective disaster preparedness plan
• financial investment in disaster risk management • global supply chain management •
investing in post-disaster recovery planning

Vulnerability

It is the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system, or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.

Aspects: physical, social, economic, and environmental

Elements-at-risk

Risk

Hazard & exposure x vulnerability x cost

PHYSICAL

This includes population density levels, the remoteness of a settlement, the site, design and materials used for critical infrastructure and for housing

Poor design and construction of buildings.

SOCIAL

This is the inability of people, organizations, and societies to withstand adverse impacts to hazards due to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions, and systems of cultural values.

This aspect includes issues caused by social groups, gender, ethnicity, religions, literacy, education, peace, human rights, access to information, age, disability.

ECONOMIC

The poor are more vulnerable to disasters because they lack resources to build sturdy structures and put engineering measures to protect themselves; unprepared due to lack of access to education and information.

ENVIRONMENTAL

This involves depletion and degradation of natural resources

Examples:
• Increase salinity in freshwater, pollution from stormwater runoff containing agricultural chemicals, eroded soils, etc.

PHYSICAL

The support and relief operations must be more efficient if the community has a high population density.

ECONOMIC

Wealthy families have the capacity to purchase emergency kits.

SOCIAL

Highly centralized government structures can result in careful planning and training. But may also result in bureaucracy and lack of autonomous decision slowing down emergency response.

SOCIAL

The country received timely outside help in the form of humanitarian aid, reducing further risk by those affected by the disaster.

SOCIAL

The lack of advanced monitoring equipment and technology during Super Typhoon Yolanda hindered the prediction for the magnitude of the storm surge.

PHYSICAL

The local government does not enforce the building codes and neglect regulation of building permits and licenses for land development

SOCIAL

Emergency communication networks were considered during disaster planning.

ENVIRONMENTAL

Deforestation due to illegal logging causes landslides and mudflows.

EARTHQUAKES

It is a feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced by the sudden displacement of rocks or rock materials below the earth's surface. There are two types of earthquakes: volcanic and tectonic earthquakes.

Volcanic Earthquake

Earthquakes induced by rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes.

The increase in intensity and frequency of volcanic earthquakes is a sign of an impending volcanic eruption.

Tectonic Earthquake

Earthquake generated by the sudden displacement along faults in the solid and rigid layer of the earth

Fault

refers to a fracture, fissure or a zone of weakness where movement or displacement has occurred or may occur again

ACTIVE FAULT

A fault which has moved within the last 10,000 years. In addition, a fault is considered active if it has historical and contemporary seismicity, has evidence of fault slip based on displaced rocks or soil units of known age and displaced landforms.

Tugegarao in Cagayan

2nd at most risk cities in the Philippines

Luzon Earthquake (1990)

On July 16, 1990 one of the strongest earthquakes to ever struck the country occurred in several areas of Central Luzon and Cordillera Region. This 7.8 magnitude tremor resulted to a total of 1,621 deaths and serious damage to properties.

Moro Gulf Earthquake (1976)

With a 7.9 magnitude and almost 3,000 casualties, this Mindanao earthquake is officially the strongest and deadliest earthquake in Philippine history. Almost 40,000 people in Regions 9 and 12 were left homeless by the tragedy.

Magnitude

relative size based on the maximum measurement of the maximum motion by a seismograph.

Intensity

strength of ground shaking in affected locations.

different Earthquake Hazards

Ground Rupture
Ground Shaking
Liquefaction
Earthquake-Induced
Landslide
Tsunami

Ground Rupture

Deformation on the ground that marks, the intersection of the fault with the earth's surface.

Effects: fissuring, displacement of the ground due to movement of the fault

Ground Shaking

Disruptive up, down and sideways vibration of the ground during an earthquake

Effects: ground shaking are damage or collapse of structure; may consequently cause hazards such as liquefaction and landslide

Liquefaction

Phenomenon wherein sediments, especially near bodies of water, behave like liquid similar to a quicksand.

Effects: sinking and/ or tilting of structure above it; sandboil; fissuring

Earthquake-induced Landslide

Down slope movement of rocks, solid and other debris commonly triggered by strong shaking.

Effects: erosion; burial and blockage of roads and rivers

Tsunami

Series of waves caused commonly by an earthquake under the sea.

Effects: flooding; coastal erosion; drowning of people and damage to properties

Before An Earthquake

• Know the earthquake hazards in your area
• Strap or bolt heavy furniture/cabinets to the wall
• Check the stability of hanging objects like ceiling fans and chandeliers
• Breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable materials should be stored properly in the lowermost secured shelves
• Don't leave heavy objects on shelves
• Familiarize yourself with the exit routes
• Know where fire extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms and communication facilities are located.
• Learn how to use them beforehand
• Prepare a handy emergency supply kit with first aid kit, canned food and can opener, water, clothing, blanket, battery-operated radio, flashlights and extra batteries

During An Earthquake

• If you're outside, move to an open area
• Stay away from trees, power lines, posts and concrete structures
• Move away from steep slopes which may be affected by landslides
• If you're near the shore and feel an earthquake, especially if it's too strong, move quickly to a higher ground. Tsunamis might follow.

Triangle of Life:

Only if there is no possible cover.

After An Earthquake

• Be prepared for aftershocks.
•Once the shaking stops, take the fastest and safest way out of the building.
• DON'T use elevators, enter damaged buildings •
• DON'T use phones unless necessary
• PANIC
• CHECK yourself and others for injuries
• CHECK water, gas, electrical lines and other parts of your residence for damages

Vibrational control devices

Tuned dampers attached to beams use pistons and oil to convert the motion into heat and absorb shock.

Pendelum power

A large weight and hydraulics move opposite the earthquake's movements to "dampen" or dissipiate the energy.

Structural steel

Various shapes allow material to bend without breaking

Wood

Lightweight material with good weight-to-strength ratio

Memory alloy, bamboo

potential for greater flexibility and shape retention

hazard

is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property or environment.

Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm; however, once a hazard becomes active it can create an emergency.

hazard

is something that has the potential to harm you.

risk

is the livelihood of a hazard causing harm.

Naturally occurring hazard

Examples: Earthquake, Tsunami, Typhoons Note: Their location, intensity, and frequency may be influenced by human NATURAL activity.

Anthropogenic hazard

Caused by human behavior, action or inaction Examples: Fire, Contamination, Forced Entry, Robbery, Industrial explosion, ANTHROPOGENIC Release of Chemical hazards

DORMANT HAZARD

poses a risk which may or may not cause harm or disasters

ARMED HAZARD

poses a risk which will cause harm or disaster

ACTIVE HAZARD

an ongoing risk or disaster

DORMANT HAZARD

The situation present a potential hazard, but no people, property, or environment is currently affected.

Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm;

However, once a hazard becomes "active," it can create an emergency situation

ARMED HAZARD

People, property or environment that are in potential harm's way

Example: The moving of the Marikina Fault Line is an armed hazard because if it moves, every property and people along the fault line will be affected.