ecology test one

OEcology

Ernst Haekel “struggle for existence

Thomas Malthus

Population would out stripe food supply(bad guy)

Darwin

Natural selection

Succession

Change of species or habitat over time

Henry Cowles

all plants are one super organism

Clement

Hierarchy of different species

Gleason

No hierarchy- every species is a result of in-fluctuating environmental conditions

Elton

“Niche” animal place

Lotta

Looked at everything as one entire energy

Lindeman

10% law

Amphibians

“Biological indicators” for an environment

Interspecific

Competition with different species

Intraspecific

Competition of same species

Population

Groups of same species

Habitat

Environment for specific species

Community

Population of different species

Ecosystem

Community and its surrounding

dominant species

Most abundant

Keystone species

Most important species in a ecosystem (otters)→urchins→kelp→sea lion

Ecological Niche

1.) habitat

2.) function of organism

3.) interrelationship

Specialist

(Panda) lives in Bamboo forest and eats bamboo

Generalist

(Raccoons) lives anywhere eats anything

Resource partitioning

Different species share resources

Morphological resource partitioning

Ex- different beaks on birds

Temporal resource partitioning

Animals come out at different times/seasons

Fundamental niche

Full range a species could live

Realized niche

Actual conditions where species live

Competition

Loss, loss

Predation

Loss, gain

Parasitism

Loss, gain

Commensalism

Gain, no affect

Mutualism

Gain, gain

Extinction increase on small island

More competition and more disease

Immigration

Higher if island is closer

Solar radiation (input)

1.) 50% of energy is absorbed at earths surface

2.) 30% is reflected by atmosphere

3.) 20% absorbed by atmosphere

Solar radiation (output)

1.) 20% energy lost by evaporation

2.) 10% lost by convection/ conduction

Always

High to low

Dessert

30° N&S

Hadley Cells

Uplift in tropics

High pressure

0° & 60°

Low pressure

30°&90°

Rainforest

60° N&S

Polar Cell

At poles

Hadley cell

Center of earth

Ferrel Cell

Between Hadley and Polar

Coriolis Effect

Straight will be diagonal with earths rotation

Wind name

Origin of winds

Winds (labels)

Maritime Climate

Climate (temp) doesn’t change much

Continental Climate

All four seasons

Rain shadow effect

Mountain- half green half dessert

El Niño

Extra warm

El Nina

colder

Tropical Rainforest

High rain high temp constant year around 10°

Topical seasonal forest/ savanna

Hot and rainy yearly less rain during summer

Dessert

Almost not rain and hot yearly higher during summer

Temperate deciduous forest

Negative to high temp and higher rain in summer 30° to 50°N

Temperate evergreen forest

High rain and mild winters 30° to 50°S

Temperate grasslands

Low to mild temp & lots rain

Temperate shrub lands

Mild to high temp high rain but not in summer

Borea forest

Extremely cold to mild temp with mild rain 50°&56° N

Tundra Biome

-40°c to 5°c and mild rain

Acclimatization

Changes on an organismal scale, short term, and reversible ( climbing mountain getting less O2)

Hot plant

Smaller leaves, more pubescence, and more stomata

Cold plant

Grows closer to ground, less stomata, and less pubescence

Alpine plants

Can function close to freezing because it has a unsaturated membrane

Soil matric potential

Cohesion between soil and water

Osmotic potential

High to low

Hyperismotic

More saline in environment than organisms cell

Isosmotic

Same saline in environment as an organism

Hypoosmotic

Less saline in environment than organisms cell

Osmoconformers

Same solute in blood as in water

Fresh water fish

lose solute

sea water fish

Lose water

150-60=90

90+45=135 heat in

30+50=80 heat out

Net loss: 135-80=55

30+8=38

55-38=17

Body temp changes with environment

Ectotherms

Body temp doesn’t change with environment

Endotherm