Nutrition Final

Carbohydrate

main energy source for the body

Carbohydrate

main form is called saccharides

AMDR

acceptable macronutrient distribution range

Carbohydrates AMDR

45%-65% 

Lipids

insoluble in water

Fat

lipid soild at room temp 

oil

lipid liquid at room temp 

LIpids AMDR

20%-35%

Lipids

nonpolar substance

Lipids

building blocks are fatty acids 

Protein AMDR

10%-35%

Protein

building blocks are amino acids 

Protein

the shape of it determines its function  

vitamins

organic substances

fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

water soluble vitamins

b complex and vitamin c 

minerals

inorganic substance  

homogenous substance

minerals only made up of one class of atoms  

Major minerals

required in your diet ( more than 100 milligrams a day

Trace minerals

required in very small amounts ( less than 100 milligrams a day)

water

universal solvent

water

helps transport substances

Carbohydrate

provides 4kcal of energy

fats

provides 9kcal of energy

protein

provides 4kcal of energy

first law of thermodynamics 

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but only transformed

main parts of a eukaryotic cell

mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes

salivary amylase

breaks down starch

lingual lipase

breaks down lipids

chyme

when foods turn into lipids

(Hormone) - gastrin

controls the production of hydrochloric acid

(Enzyme) - gastric lipase

breaks down lipids

Small Intestine – (hormone) chyleostokinin

where the pancreas and liver secrete substances

(enzyme)  - disaccharidases

maltase + lactase + sucrase

enzyme) - enteropeptidase

helps activate enzymes that are going to break down proteins

Large intestine

absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool

Liver

to make and secrete bile

Gallbladder

stores bile

Bile

breaks down fat in fatty acids (able to mix 2 things that don’t usually mix) 

body weight

your body's total mass

body composition

what your weight is made of

to estimate body fat percentage 

Skin fold measurements 

Bioelectrical Impedance  

Hydro densitometry  

Air Displacement  

Dual energy Xray  

Absorptiometry 

factors that determine the EER 

energy intake  

 energy expenditure  

age  

gender  

weight  

 height  

physical activity level 

BMI

body max index (a person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters)

hunger

the need to eat

Appetite  

the desire to eat

Satiation

perception of fullness

Satiety

perception of fullness that lingers between meals (prevents you from eating right after you’re full) 

lipoprotein lipase

this protein allows transportation and storage lipids

leptin / ghrelin

( secreted to suppress appetite ) stimulates appetite

monosaccharides

= glucose / frutose / Galactose

disaccharides

= maltose / sucrose / lactose

polysaccharides

= starch / glycogen / cellulose

how hormones regulate the concentration of glucose in blood

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels, whereas insulin decreases them ( the currency our body uses to send energy trapped in bonds that hold glucose together through our whole body)  

health effects of dietary fiber

increases absorption of nutrients  

increases the excretion of bile  

promotes the movement of food through the digestive track (peristalsis) 

Amylase (enzymes that digest carbohydrates)

made in the pancreas  

Lipase (enzymes that digest carbohydrates)

made in the pancreas

Protease (enzymes that digest carbohydrates)

made in the pancreas

1 (classifications of lipids)

Triglycerides  

2 (classifications of lipids)

  Phospholipids  

3 (classifications of lipids)

Sterols  

saturated fats

these fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only

Unsaturated fats 

these fatty acids have one or more double bonds 

Phospholipids

a barrier to protect the cell against various environmental insults

Sterols

regulating membrane fluidity, permeability, and membrane protein functions

Saturated fatty acids

have no double bonds, hence they are considered highly stable

lipids

are hydrophobic  because of their water-repellent hydrophobic nature, they aid in keeping aquatic birds and mammals dry when forming a protective layer over fur or feathers 

pancreatic lipase (enzymes that digest lipid)

made in the pancreas  

bile (enzymes that digest lipids)

made in the liver

Chylomicrons (enzymes that digest lipids)

made in the small intestine  

protein

Transport substances in a systemic level

protein

Prevent drastic changes of pH

protein

Have the ability to hold onto water

protein

provide immunity  

conditions under which proteins are denatured 

Heat 

organic compounds 

 pH changes  

  heavy metal ions

Deamination

occurs when excess protein is consumed

Transamination

the first step in the breakdown of amino acids 

Pepsin (enzymes that digest proteins)

made in the stomach

Trypsin (enzymes that digest proteins)

made in the pancreas  

Chymotrypsin (enzymes that digest proteins)

made in the pancreas  

Carboxypeptidase (enzymes that digest proteins)

made in the pancreas  

 Dipeptidase (enzymes that digest proteins)

made in the small intestine

beer

when a grain is fermented and the result is ethanol

wine

fermentation of fruits (mainly grapes)  

spirits

an alcoholic drinkproduced by distillation of grains, fruits, vegetables, or sugar, that have already gone through alcoholic fermentation

conditions necessary for the production of ethanol 

sugars dissolved in water, mixed with yeast 

enzymes that are responsible for the oxidation of ethanol 

alcohol dehydrogenase 

aldehyde dehydrogenase 

fat soluble vitamins

stored in the body’s liver

water soluble vitamins

not stored in the body

Precursors

Beta – carotene (Vitamin A) 

Precursors

Prothrombin (Vitamin K) 

Precursors

Tryptophan (Niacin)  

Lack of vitamin A

blindness

lack of vitamin D

rickets disease

Lack of vitamin E

muscle damage

lack of vitamin K

excessive bleeding

lack of folate

macrocytic anemia

lack of Thiamine

beriberi

lack of Riboflavin

ariboflavinosis

lack of Niacin

pellagra