Untitled Flashcards Set

Learning

Acquiring new, relatively permanent information or behaviors.

Associative Learning

Forming connections between events.

Classical Conditioning

Linking two stimuli to anticipate events.

Operant Conditioning

Associating behavior with consequences.

Cognitive Learning

Learning through observation and mental processes.

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Evokes no response before conditioning.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Naturally triggers a response.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Natural reaction to US.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Previously neutral, now triggers response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

Learned reaction to CS.

Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to recur.

Shaping

Procedure which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to a desired behavior.

Reinforcement

Actions followed by rewarding or punishing event increase or decrease behavior.

Punishment

Consequences that decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Biological Constraints

Predisposes organisms to learn behaviors that are evolutionarily adaptive.

Cognition

Underestimated effects of cognitive processes on learning.

Retrieval Cue

A prompt that helps access memories.

Chunking

Grouping items into meaningful units to expand short-term memory capacity.

Declarative Memory

Memories for facts and events.

Semantic Memory

Memory for facts and general knowledge.

Procedural Memory

Unconscious memories for skills and tasks.

Misinformation Effect

Change in memory recall due to misleading information.

Functional Fixedness

Inflexible focus on the usual function(s) of an object in problem-solving.

Heuristic

Mental shortcut for problem-solving or decision-making.

Language

Hierarchical system of symbols used for communication.

Phoneme

Smallest unit of sound in a language.

Bilingualism

Ability to use two languages fluently.

Common Ground

Shared knowledge and beliefs between conversation participants.

Statistical Learning

Infants notice patterns in speech stimuli to identify components.