7. Minerals

Minerals are categorized into what two groups, depending on the amounts needed in the body?

microminerals and macrominerals

(On study guide)

Functions of Minerals:

Minerals are apart of all cell _________

structures

(On study guide)

Functions of Minerals:

Minerals are __________, which means they can unite with other compounds in order for that substance to function

cofactors

Functions of Minerals:

Minerals are _________, which means they increase the speed of reactions

catalysts

(On study guide)

Functions of Minerals:

Minerals regulate the response of _______, and control the passage of materials in and out of cells

nerves

(On study guide)

Functions of Minerals:

Minerals maintain the balance of _______, specifically water and acid-base balances

fluids

What are the mineralizing minerals?

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and fluoride

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

calcium

(On study guide)

99% of calcium is located where?

bones and teeth

(On study guide)

What vitamins enhance the absorption of calcium?

vitamin D and vitamin C

Absorption of calcium occurs where?

In the small intestine

On study guide)

What are some effects of too little calcium?

Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Osteroporosis (reduced bone mass and qulity)

85% of phosphorus is located where?

bones and teeth

Phosphorus makes up the __________ of bones and teeth

structure

(On the study guide)

Phosphorus plays a role in energy metabolism because its needed to make ______

ATP and ADP

What vitamin increases the absorption of phosphorus?

Vitamin D

The body contains 25 g of magnesium, of which ______% is located in the bones and teeth

50-60%

The remaining 40% of magnesium not in the bones or teeth is located where?

muscles and organs

What are some functions of magnesium?

• Development of bone

• Transmit nerve inpulses

• Muscle contraction

• Enzyme for energy metabolism

What vitamin increases absorption of magnesium

vitamin D

Where is magnesium stored?

in the bones

(On study guide)

Fluoride reduces the risk of __________

tooth decay

(On study guide)

Fluoride strengthens ________

enamel

50% of fluoride absorption occurs rapidly in the __________

stomach

What is the main sources of fluoride?

fluoridated water, household food preparation, fish, and tea

(On study guide)

What is the effect of too much fluoride?

Fluorosis

What are the macrominerals?

Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium

What are the Microminerals(Trace minerals)?

Iodine, Iron, Zinc,

Most of Iodine is located where?

Thyroid gland

Iodine’s major function is that it is a constituent of what 2 thyroid hormones?

Triidothyronine and Thyroxin

What are some of the effects of too little iodine?

Decreased thyroid hormone, lowered metabolic rate, and hypothyroidism

What is an effect of too little iodine that is an irreversible birth defect if mother is unable to supply fetus with enough iodine?

Cretinism

What is the most abundant micromineral (trace mineral) in the body?

Iron

(On study guide)

Where is the majority of iron found in?

hemoglobin

Iron is needed for hemoglobin _________

formation

Iron caries __________ from the lungs to all cells, returning carbon dioxide

oxygen

Where is iron absorbed?

stomach and upper small intestine

Where does Heme iron occur?

Only in animal foods

Where does Nonheme iron occur?

In plants

(On study guide)

What occurs when you have too little iron?

Anemia

Where is zinc highly concentrated?

skeletal muscle

Zinc is crucial for what?

growth, development, and wound healing

Cells associated with what also depend on adequate zinc levels?

taste and smell

Where is zinc absorbed?

Small intestine

What happens when you have too little zinc?

Changes in taste