test 3

chapter 5,9

what are lipids used for in the body?

provide and store energy, insulation, transport proteins, cell membrane structure, absorb fat soluble nutrients

20-30%

what percent of your daily calories does the USDA recommend come from fat?

10%

what percent of your daily calories should be from fat in order to treat disease?

9 calories per gram

how many calories per gram is in fat?

triglycerides

\-glycerol + 3 fatty acids

\-saturated fat, unsaturated fat, trans fat

triglycerides

which lipid type is the most common in food?

only triglycerides

which of the lipid types contains any essential fatty acids?

phospholipids

\-lecithin

\-phosphate head + 2 fatty acides

* used for lipoprotein carriers, cell membranes

sterols

\-cholesterol

\-used in steroid hormones, brain and nerve cell membranes, bile + vitamin d

animal foods, oils, olives, nuts, seeds avocado

where is fat found?

polar (attracts water)

is the phospholipid head polar or nonpolar?

nonpolar (repels waters)

is the phospholipid tail polar or nonpolar?

true

true or false? sterols are not digested. they are absorbed intact

\-made of C, H, O

\-energy dense

\-not water soluble

what are the defining characteristics of lipids?

vitamin d, bile, sex hormones

cholesterol is the precursors for:

false

true or false? cholesterol is an essential nutrient

true

true or false? cholesterol is only found in animal foods

chain of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group at one end

what is the structure of a fatty acid?

saturated fatty acid

\-no double bond in the chain

\-solid at room temp

\-shelf stable

liver

where is cholesterol made?

monounsaturated fat

-double bond in chain creates a bend

animal foods, tropical oils

where is saturated fat found?

saturated fat

the following are adverse health effects of what type of fat?

\-raised blood cholesterol

\-insulin resistance

\-stiffer cell membranes

\-heart disease and hypertension

\-alzheimer's

cancer

two or more

how many double bonds do polyunsaturated fat shave?

all carbon bonding sides are full

what makes a fatty acid saturated?

raises cholesterol

how does saturated fat increase risk of heart disease?

causes insulin resistance

how does saturated fat increase risk of diabetes?

cheese, beef, fats + oils, milk

what are the top four sources of saturated fat in the american diet?

at most 5-6%

how much of your total calories should be from saturated fat?

true

true or false? there is no UL for trans fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol

any intake increases LDL concentration

why is there UL for trans fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol?

cheap and shelf stable

why was trans fat used by food manufacturers?

coconut oil

what is the most saturated fat?

trans fats

\-hydrogen added to liquid oils

\-changes the bend of the fatty acid

\-increase stability of the oil

\-health hazards

raises cholesterol, insulin resistance, stiffer cell membranes

why are trans fats bad?

partially hydrogenated oil

what was the other term for trans fat?

liquid

monounsaturated fat is \_________ at room temp?

olives, peanuts, canola oil

where is monounsaturated fat found?

liquid vegetable oils (soybean, corn), avocados, nuts

where is polyunsaturated fat found?

omega 6 and omega 3

what are the two essential fatty acids?

linolenic acid

wha is the name of the omega 3 fatty acid?

rare

are omega 3s rare or plentiful int he american diet?

anti

are omega 3s pro or anti inflammatory?

flax and chia seeds; fish and walnuts

what are the food sources or omega 3s?

linoleic acid

what is the name of the omega 6 fatty acid?

plentiful

are omega 6s plentiful or rare int he american diet?

pro

are omega 6s pro or anti inflammatory?

safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean, walnut, cottonseed oils

what are the food sources for omega 6s?

reduces heart disease risk

what is a benefit of omega 3s?

contaminated, breast cancer, high cholesterol

what are some health concerns of fish consumption?

decreased blood pressure with 1/4 ground cup per day

what do studies show about flaxseed consumption?

makes bile

how does the liver contribute to lipid digestion?

store and releases bile?

how does the gall bladder contribute to lipid digestion?

makes lipase

how does the pancreas contribute to lipid digestion?

emulsify the fat

what is bile used for?

\-bile emulsifies fat

\-lipase digests fat

\-fat absorbed to lymph

what happens in the small intestine in terms of lipid digestion?

large amount of of fat trapped by fiber and exits the body

bile contains cholesterol

how is bile related to blood cholesterol?

\-fat-carrying package

\-travel in blood or lymph

\-include chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

what are lipoproteins?

chylomicrons

-made in small intestine

very low density lipoprotein

what does VLDL stand for?

VLDL

\-made in liver

\-primary component are triglycerides

\-delivers fat to cells

low density lipoprotein

what does LDL stand for?

LDL

\-made in bloodstream

\-main component is cholesterol

delivers cholesterol to body cells

\-leftover form VLDL

excess linked to heart disease

HDL

\-made in liver -good

\-primary component is protein

\-picks up cholesterol from cells and delivers to liver to made into bile

5-10 years old

at what age does heart disease begin in america?

heart attack

the following are symptoms of what?

\-intermittent or steady painful pressure

\-chest and upper body pain

\-shortness of breath

\-cold sweat

\-lightheadedness

\-nausea

artery injury, lipid accumulation, fatty streak, plaque, plaque ruptures, blockage

describe the development and progression of heart disease

high blood cholesterol

what is the number one modifiable risk factor for heart disease

less than 200

what level of blood cholesterol is considered normal?

less than 150

what is the blood cholesterol level in parts of the the world where heart attacks are rare?

exercise and eat less trans fat (meat and dairy)

how can someone raise their HDL?

eat less cholesterol (animal foods, tropical oils, sat fat, processed), eat more soluble fiber (oats, beans, veggies, fruit, whole grains)

how can someone lower their LDL in terms of nutrition?

lose extra weight, exercise

how can someone someone lower their LDL aside from nutrition?

body mass index, ratio of height to weight

what us BMI

size and number

when a person gains fat weight, how to fat cells grow?

when a person loses fat weight, how do fat cells diminish

size only

\>25

what is overweight BMI?

\>30

what is obese BMI?

number

how to fat cells grow as a child grows?

showing that heart disease begins in children

what is the bogalusa heart study known for regarding children and heart disease?

8

when obese children reach adulthood, they are \___ times more likely to develop high blood pressure compared with normal weight children

7%

what percent of healthy weight children become obese adults?

77%

what percent of obese children become obese adults?

doesn't distinguish between fat and least tissue and doesn't show where fat is located

what are th major limitations of using BMI as an evaluation of obesity?

pear shape

does the apple or pear shape have less health risks?

central obesity

what is another term for apple shape?

men:

what should men and women's waist measurement be?

diabetes, stroke (hypertension), heart disease (high blood lipids), cancer, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, depression, alzheimer's

what are the major health risks of obesity?

doubles

adult weight gain for 10 pounds \____________ risk of diabetes even in normal weight adults

4

diabetes and obesity increase risk of alzheimer's by \___ times

lipids fill adipose tissue, then move to muscles and liver

how does fatty liver develop?

metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance, low HDL, high triglycerides, high BP

what problems does fatty liver create?

more calories consumed than burned

what is a positive energy balance?

basal metabolic rate, activity, thermal effect of. food

what comprises calorie expenditure?

mainly lean body mass; also age, height, growth, previous weight loss

what drives BMR?

physiological need for food

what is hunger?

psychological need for food

what is appetite?

activate hunger, weaken sense of satiety?

what are the dangers of sugar and fat?

anorexia nerviosa

what eating disorder is the most fatal?