Unit 3 Vocab

Gunpowder Empires

large multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control their territories.

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Manchus

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

Qing Dynasty of China

The last imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the people's republic. Formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state. Founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years, until 1912. Expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia.

Kangxi

Chinese Qing emperor (r. 1661-1722) who promoted Confucian ideas and policies and expanded the Qing empire (Captured Taiwan, Mongolia, and parts of Central Asia- Tibet).

Emperor Qianlong

emperor who refused to open more trading ports to Europe. He was known for his military skills, love of scholarship, and tolerance; led to annexation of Xinjiang.

Gutenberg Printing Press

used movable type to print, increased literacy and helped spread the Reformation.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Shah

Persian word for king

Safavid Empire

Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

Mughal Empire

An Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of South Asia by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.

Ghazi ideal

a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam

Castes

social classes in the ancient Indian class system.

Ivan the Terrible (IV)

(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.

Tamerlane (Timur the Lame)

Mongol-Turkic leader that took over most of Central Asia and the Middle East in the late 14th century. Set the stage for the rise of the Turkic Empires.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

Isma'il

Sufi commander who conquered city of Tabriz in 1501; first Safavid to be proclaimed shah or emperor.

Shah Abbas

Took the Safavid Empire into its golden age, created an empire that took the best out of all neighboring cultures including Ottomans and Persians, reformed military and civilian life in the empire.

Akbar the Great

known for religious tolerance. grandson of Babur who created a strong central government.

Divine Right of Kings

the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God.

Justices of the Peace

Their job was to maintain peace in the counties of England, even settling some legal matters and to carry out the monarch's laws.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

Absolute power

Power without limits; king has direct authority.

Cardnial Richelieu

Strong minister under Louis XIII and took steps to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy by creating a system of intendants.

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Romanov Dynasty

Dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917.

Peter I (the Great)

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Devshirme

The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan: elite infantry corp.

Daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai.

Edo

Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

1534-1616, founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate which lasted from 1603 to 1867 and reunified Japan.

Period of Great Peace

The Tokugawa Shogunate created this period in Japan known as the Edo Period by adopting a policy of isolation.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.

Askia the Great

Songhai ruler, he overthrew Sunni Baru. His reign was the high point of Songhai culture.

Delhi

capital of the Mughal Empire in Northern India

Shah Jahan

Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666).

Indentants

Royal bureaucrats in France sent out to execute the orders of the central government; sometimes called tax farmers because the over saw the collect of various taxes.

Tax farming

A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount.

Tribute system

Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and peoples that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute—produce of value from their countries—to the Chinese emperor (although the Chinese gifts given in return were often much more valuable).

Zamindars in Mughal Empire

A zamindar was an aristocrat, typically hereditary, who held enormous tracts of land and held control over his peasants, from whom the zamindars reserved the right to collect tax (often for military purposes). Over time, they took princely and royal titles such as Maharaja (Great King), Raja (King), Nawab (Lord), Mirza (Prince), Chowdhury (Lord), "Reddy", "Naidu," "Gounder," and many others. Eventually, as the British colonized India, zamindar's became tax collectors for the British, responsible for collecting and paying to the government the taxes on the land under his jurisdiction.

Taj Mahal

A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife. Blended architectural styles of India and the Muslim world.

Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts.

Serfdom in Russia

serfdom lasted into the mid-1800s; Russian landowners wanted serfs to stay on the land and produce large harvests; the landowners treated the serfs like property; when a landowner sold a piece of land, he sold the serfs with it; landowners could give away serfs as presents or to pay debts; it was also against the law for serfs to run away from their owners.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious unity in Europe. He was preoccupied with struggles with the Ottomans and France and could not solely focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.

Philip II

1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler.

Edict of Nantes

Document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots.

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of Westphalia-1648) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The treaty ending the Thirty Years' War in Germany; it allowed each prince-whether Lutheran, Catholic, or Calvinist-to choose the established creed of his territory.

Indulgence

Within the Catholic Church, this is the remission punishment for ones sins. Such as for a sin that has already been forgiven by God but which still carries with it some kind of punishment. Centuries ago the Church would sell certificates that would get a person out of purgatory. This practice contributed to the Protestant reformation.

Simony

The buying and selling of church offices.

95 Theses

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

Holy Synod

The replacement Peter the Great created for the office of Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. It was a "bureaucracy of laymen under his supervision."

Counter Reformation

The reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected).

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Council of Trent

Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, forbade the sale of indulgences.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

John Calvin

Religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society.

Elect

In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation.

Puritans

Protestant group who wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic remnants.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death; Free from the pope's control

Shari'ah

a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives.

Sikhism

The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on the collection of data should back up a hypothesis. (scientific method).

Francis Bacon

With his writings he urged scientists to experiment then draw conclusions.

Royal Academy of Science

supplied fifteen scientists with government stipends that met in the King's Library in Paris founded by Colbert

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion

Principia Mathematica

In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton wrote this. It was filled with contributions to many areas of science, and included the three well-known laws of motion.

Harem

"Sacred place"; the private domain of an Ottoman sultan, where he and his wives resided

Shia Islam

Minority branch of Islam; belief that only a descendant of Ali can be caliph.

Samurai Warriors

From the Japanese word for "to serve," a hereditary feudal warrior class who cultivated virtues such as loyalty, honor, and courage, and served Japanese rulers; During Tokugawa they became bureaucrats

Cossaks

Undertook their own campaigns of expansion and vastly extended the range of Russian influence.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

The bloodless coup in 1688 in England when James II (a Catholic) gave up the throne and his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands) - both Protestants - replaced James II to reign jointly. No Catholic monarch has reigned in England since.

Nation-state

A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

Constitutional Monarchy

A form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body.