APWH vocab 7

ch 7 unit 5

mfecane

was a historical period of heightened military conflict and migration associated with state formation and expansion in Southern Africa.

popular sovereignty

the principle that the leaders of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, who are the source of all political legitimacy

John Locke

English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of the Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism"

Social Contract

Written by John Locke; an implicit agreement among people to form a society and abide by its rules for mutual benefit, where individuals give up some freedoms in exchange for protection and the advantages of living in an organized society

American Revolution

Successful rebellion against British rule conducted by the European settlers in the thirteen colonies of British North America, starting in 1775; a conservative revolution whose success preserved property rights and class distinctions but established republican government in place of monarchy.

Declaration of Independence

adopted by the Continental Congress in 1776 that announced the 13 American colonies were separating from Great Britain and forming their own nation

Bill of Rights

the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. It spells out Americans' rights in relation to their government. It guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual like freedom of speech, press, and religion

estate system

a social hierarchy where society is divided into legally distinct, hereditary groups with different rights and duties, prevalent in medieval Europe and pre-revolutionary France with their three estates

declaration of the rights of man and citizen

Charter of political liberties, drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789, that proclaimed the equal rights of all male citizens; the declaration gave expression to the essential outlook of the French Revolution and became the preamble to the French constitution completed in 1791

Louis XVI

the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. people didnt like him.

Marie Antoinette

She was the wife of King Louis XVI. Born an archduchess of Austria, and was the last queen of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution

The Bastille

this occurred in Paris, France, on 14 July 1789, was an act of political violence by revolutionary insurgents who attempted to storm and seize control of the medieval armoury, fortress, and political prison

Robespierre

Leader of the French Revolution during the reign of Terror; his Committee of Public Safety executed tens of thousands of enemies of the revolution until he was arrested and guillotined

olympe de gouges

French playwright and political activist. She is best known for her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen and other writings on women's rights and abolitionism.

women’s march on versailles

On October 5, 1789, thousands of Parisian women, angered by bread shortages and high prices, marched to the Palace to protest.

napoleon bonaparte

French head of state and general (r. 1799–1815); he preserved much of the French Revolution under a military dictatorship and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.

grand blancs

wealthy white plantation owners, merchants, and elite citizens who held power before the Haitian Revolution

gens de couleur libres

“Free people of color” were primarily people of mixed African, European, and Native American descent in the Americas who were not enslaved. However, the term also applied to people born free who were primarily of black African descent with little mixture.

toussaint louverture

a formerly enslaved man who became a general and the leader of the Haitian Revolution, successfully leading the only slave revolt to establish an independent nation.

Jean-jacques dessalines

was the first Haitian Emperor, leader of the Haitian Revolution, and the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the 1805 constitution.

Hidalgo-Morelos rebellion

Socially radical peasant rebellion in Mexico (1810) led by two priests

Tupac Amaru

Leader of a Native American rebellion in Peru in the early 1780s, claiming the last Inca emperor as an ancestor.

Simón bolívar

a Venezuelan statesman and military officer who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire.

José de san martín

an Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and central parts of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire who served as the Protector of Peru.

Great Jamaica Revolt

Slave rebellion in the British West Indies which lead to the British to abolish slavery.

abolitionist movement

An international movement that condemned slavery as morally repugnant and contributed much to ending slavery in the Western world during the nineteenth century; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States beginning in the late eighteenth century.

Levee en masse

a French term used for a policy of mass national conscription, often in the face of invasion. The concept originated during the French Revolutionary Wars, particularly for the period following 16 August 1793, when able-bodied men aged 18 to 25 were conscripted.

nationalism

an ideology centered on the loyalty and devotion to a nation, often emphasizing a shared identity through culture, language, or history

Mary Wollstonecraft

Wrote  the Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792, this tract was one of the earliest expressions of feminist consciousness

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leading figure of the early women’s rights movement in the United States. At the first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848, she drafted a statement paraphrasing the Declaration of Independence, stating that men and women were created equal.

Maternal feminism

Movement that claimed that women have value in society not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers; its exponents argued that women have the right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch over the future of their children