Rural-Urban links

What is meant by an urban sphere of influence?

Urban sphere of influence a region with a city or town which provides economic and social influence, This means they attract people from a wider area because of the facilities the cit or town may offer

Counter-urbanisation is...

Reasons for this change

Pull factors for rural and push factors for urban

(basic sense)

The movement of people out of towns and cities towards more rural areas.

Reasons for counter-urbanisation include:

Pull factors:

+ There has been in an increase in technology due to being widespread and cheaper. Therefore, this mean that there are new ways of working and advances in technology allow people to work from home, therefore they do not need to
be based in cities for work

+ The quality of transport has increased due to improved road and rail links (and car ownership) , resulting in people between able to live in different location from where they work

+ social factors such as low crime rates often are an incentive to move to rural areas. This means that it is a safer place especially for families with children.


push factors for urban areas

+ Increase in cogestion means that there is an increase in air pollution

Impacts of counter-urbanisation (social, environmental and economic) negative

Firstly, sharp increase of people and families purchasing second homes has negatively impacted rural communities. With more people purcashing in a general area -> house prices will be driven up. -> cause harm to long-term reseients who were looking forwards to purchase their own home in thier area due to extensive redency - > furthermore, rural areas tend to have lower incomes so wont be able to afford this high house prices. As a result will look elsewhere to buy a home.

Second homes are usually seasonal and Commuters shop in large supermarkets on the edge of cities and towns on their way home from work. This results in a lower demand
for village shops and services and as a consequence they are forced to close. These areas are known as dormitory
towns, with a low daytime population.


With increased demand for housing, greenfield sites are built on, leading to a loss of habitats
and countryside areas.

Impacts of counter-urbanisation (social, environmental and economic) negative

Due to increase in second homes, individuals living in those homes may look to spend -> increases demand for services -> attracts businesses -> creation of jobs -> goverment have more goverment spending from income taxx -> spend towards services improving life for locals

A wider range of people from different backgrounds
and cultures bring new experiences and cultures to
a rural area

Factors leading to increased commuting

+ Cities have more job opportunities than rural areas

+ People choose to live in rural housing, which is often cheaper than inflated city house prices

+ Improvements in road and rail links have cut journey times

+ Improvement in car safety and comfort have encouraged more people to travel longer distances.

Factors leading to decreased commuting

+ Rapid growth of the internet and email removes the need to be in the same physical office as co-workers

+ Increased coverage and quality of mobile phone network providers enable people to stay constantly in touch with co-workers

+ Rapid growth of broadband has led to many companies encouraging employees to work from home

Primary Jobs

Depopulation

Deprivation

Primary Jobs : Jobs within the primary sectory, including farming

Depopulation : A reduction in the population. This may ne due to people leaving the area, or the population is ageing and decreasing

Deprivation : when areas lack several services such as healthcare and education and have poor transport

Cycle of deprivation

There is an increase in rural to urban migration compared to urban to rural migration -> A decline in rural population -> reduced demand for school and other services -> collapse of rural services -> lack of rural job oppurturtines -> further rural deprivation

Causes of rural poverty

Low income and part-time work due to a lack of businesses and opportunities for local people in rural areas.

Lack of services, eg health, schooling and training because there are fewer people living in rural areas to support and sustain the services.

Infrequent public transport and high transport costs. With fewer people living there and using the public transport services, it becomes expensive for companies to operate. As a result there are less frequent services offered.

Effects of rural poverty

When many people are employed in low paid seasonal agricultural jobs they struggle to pay bills. Many may be unemployed for large periods of the year and rely on benefits.

The rural area is poorly connected to other areas due to a lack of bus services, poor roads and internet provision - which leads to isolation and rural deprivation.

Creating sustainable rural communities

A sustainable community is a community which is able to support the needs of all its residents with minimal environmental impacts.

+ Reliability and frequency of transport : ensuring that public transport is avalible when the rural community needs it

+ Avaliability of jobs : securing investment from companies to develop jobs based in the rural area

+ Internet connections : ensuring the avalibility of fast and reliable broadband

+ Education : ensuring that village schools remain open and secondary schools offer a wide range of subjects taught bys peacialist staff.