Lying and Deception Quiz 2

What age does deceitful behavior start

2-3

At the age of 2-3 how do children lie and why

\-false statements (denials of wrongdoing)

\-lie to avoid punishment and to get rewarded for good behavior

When is perspective-taking (theory of mind) ability acquired

3-6

What is the common form of deception for kids age 3-6

"i didn't do it", where children violated orders issued by adults then attempt to conceal it

How do you experiment with children lying at the ages of 3-6

temptation resistance

what did the temptation resistance experiment conclude

3 years are bad at lying and get caught

5 years will lie and reveal they are lying

6 years show complete ignorance and are best at lying

At what age do children create a false beilef

4

what can 4-5 understand

the effect of false message on a listener's mind recognizing how listeners will interpet and evaluate knowledge

When do children start saying white lies?

3-6

At what age does the child have natural nonverbal skills at lying

6

what are some ways 3-6 nonverbal behaviors show that they are lying

1. mimic behaviors of people who tell the truth
2. will avert their gaze

What age do children experience double bookeeping

6-9

what are examples of double bookkeeping

keeping family secrets that might be embarrassing or adopting beliefs that fit one's peer group, but not family

During the age of 6-9 what helps the children learn deceptive skiills

playing board games helps teach the children how to lie to win

what is politeness norm

masking your expressions when given something you do not like to be nice

By ages 10-12 how are childrens deceptive skills

adult-like deception

what kids are best at lying

10 year olds with Machiavellian tendencies

who are better liars at the age of 11-12 year olds (male or female)

female

What do adolescents take into consideration when lying

they give more thought to probability, by considering the punishment if caught and the likelihood of being caught

what hinders the expansion of autonomy children crave as teens

parental disappointment

What is theory of mind?

children recognizing that other people are independent entities who can think on their own

What does the failure of developing a theory of mind mean

sign of autism

What makes perspective-taking challenging even for adults

"other minds problems" not knowing from first person perspective exactly how things are experienced in another person's mind

Why is theory of mind important

creates better empathy, prosocial behavior, better treatment of people, increase compassion, leads to helping other, and helps with engaging deception

what does perspective-taking enable the liar to do

understand the idea of a false belief held by target

How do liars use perspective-taking

it helps determine what messages are likely to create the false belief and the liar uses anticipation of the targets behavior to create a successful lie

What are the three functions part of the executive function

inhibitory control, working memory, and planning

What is inhibitory control?

ability to suppress interfering thoughts of actions to help with concealing the true informtion

What is working memory?

is a system for temporarily holding and processing information, for whatever purposes or tasks are at hand

What is planning when lying

preparing the contents of lie prior to uttering it to appear convincing

What does a maturing executive functions correlate with

increase success at lying

What must a child do to successfully lie

differentiate between their mental state and that of their target, make statements that conceal the the truth while inducing false belief in target's mind and understand if the specific social context they are in promotes or prohibits deception

What two concepts governs lying

intentionality and conventionality

What do most societies think of lying

many disapprove of lying to conceal transgression, but condone white lies designed to spare others feelings

At what age do children know concealing transgression is wrong but can not acknowledge social norms

over 3

To deceive effectively what cognitive abilities must happen during the communication

deceiver must have verbal repertoire in which persuasive strategies can be implemented by target's reaction and deceiver needs to be able to manage behavior to lie by hiding or enacting certain behaviors

What does greater social competence mean

better liar

What is the most common reason for lying

to avoid punishment for misdeed

what did paul ekman call one of the most consistent findings

children lie to avoid punishment for misdeed

What is the second most common reason children lie

prosocial lies to benefit others out of politeness

What two social norms does prosocial lies make conflict

a) speakers should be truthful

b) speakers should be considerate of others

What are altruistic lies

made with the intention of benefiting others and perhaps at a personal cost

When do altruistic lies emerge

when children develop social norms regarding loyalty in friendship and groups

Why do adolescents lie

to see if they can pull it off , find enjoyment from manipulating someone, lying to avoid punishment, and lying to get what they want

Why do adolescents lie for peer group relations

to make themselves look better by creating events, invent an negative image about someone and keeping secrets for friends

Why do adolescents lie to authority figures

to make them equal with the authority figure

What did Holt say the worst thing for adults to do

adults present themselves as perfect

why do adolescents lie to increase independence

to protect autonomy, avoid clash with parents and for social norms

What children are best at lying

children able to put themselves in the position of the communicator being judge

at what age does good deception detective skills kick in

17

how do parents teach their kids to lie

by how they react to the child's deceitful behavior

what relationship with parents cause a child to lie more

the parent regularly disappoints the child, the child receives ineffective supervision and can't establish a warm parental bond

What guidelines should parents consider when lying

1. adapt response to the life stage of child
2. consider the effects of double standards
3. try to "struggle visibly" (explain to a child by you used deceiving behavior)
4. practice reciprocity
5. avoid extreme emotional reactions

Why are most young children bad at lying

can't control nonverbal actions

How were older kids bad about lying

could not control anxious behavior

What did the McMartin preschool case show about children testifying in court

children usually do not give correct testimonies because of interviewers using leading questions, coercion from interviewers, and parents coach the kids on what to say

What must a child do to testify in court

Take a competency exam that has three questions


1. can the child witness recall and describe past events
2. does the child witness know the difference between a truthful statement and a lie
3. does the child witness understand their obligations to tell the truth in court

What happens when you outright ask a child to tell the truth in court compared to them making an oath

they are less likely to lie

What are ways interviewers influence how a child remembers events

interview bias, selective reinforcement of information provided, peer pressure, and dolls with realistic gentitalia

What two influences during interview lead to the most inaccurate reports

leading questions and peer pressure

What matters make children more suggestible

matters that are unfamiliar to them, lack personal meaning for them, pertain to details they see as irrelevant or if the child because of experience feels they have little power.

What precedents have been established in legal court to help child victims

the child victim does not have to be in the court room with abuser and if a child witnesses an traumatic event they do not have to be in the say room as the accused

What are key point to remember when interviewing a child victim

establish a pleasant surrounding, begin interview with small talk not related to testimony, tell the kid to tell the truth and that "i dont know" is okay to say, use open-ended questions, ask questions that are not leading questions and conclude interview on positive note with a brief summary of what the child said

What did Sanford say self-deception is

"family resemblance" and "many-splendored"

What are the three assumptions underlying the sense of self

continuous in time and place, unified, and independent agent

Why do we need self-deception

to help maintain a complicated and often disorderly jumble of stimuli we call our "self"

what does the idea of having a unitary self that houses a vast array of thoughts, feelings, and perception

intense pressure of consistency

As stated by chanowitz and langer why do self-deceivers have inconsistence that they struggle with

it stems from the fact that we are composed of many social selves which each seek coherence according to the standards appropriate to its context Ex: work self and school self

How can self-deception happen

by selective information searches(to support preferred ideas), hiding ideas(through repression or dissociation), distracting attention(away from unpleasant ideas), discounting(the value of unwanted information)

Do deceiving others and self-deception produce similar effects

yes

What is Starek and Keating definition of self-deception

self-deception is a motivated unawareness of conflicting knowledge in which threatening knowledge is selectively filtered from consciousness as a psychological defense, thereby reducing anxiety and inducing a positive self-bias

How do we cope with uncertainty, anxiety, fear, and powerless

by striving not to know certain things

What is the opposite to self-awareness

self-deception

What makes it harder to self deceive

the more aware we are of something

What types of environment does self-deception require

a mental environment in which thoughts can move among varying states of consciousness

Does intentional self-deception begin knowingly

yes

What is "brazen" self-deception

occurs when we need to convince ourselves of something (ex: our bad relationship is okay)

How does a thought become actual self-deception

the belief in question cannot remain at its initial level of high awareness, but our amount of conscious attention needed to sustain the false belief must decrease and become automatic

How does Sackeim say self-deception happens

our lack of awareness of the process to lying to ourself

What really causes unintentional deception

emotions

What is motivated reasoning and what does it cause

it is the tendency to draw conclusions from one's experiences and other data that are emotionally preferable regardless of their objective accuracy. This causes peoples emotions to dictate how they see things

What explains how political conservatives and liberals have the same facts but create different conclusions

motivated reasoning

What strongly controls our thinking

emotions

What must you have to create self-deception

two or more contradictory belief

What is a coerced-internalized false confession?

innocent suspects that are confused or tired that are subjected to to highly suggestive interrogation will believe they did the crime and create a false memory

How does someone that is experience self-deception include others with the self-deception

by presenting themselves to others in ways that seek confirmation for their self-deception

How can self-deception be fostered by multiple people

by group membership where a person's has intense identifications with values and policies associated with labels, which become integral to the self-concept of those who consider themselves to belong to such tribes.

What is groupthink?

everyone thinks/acts the same way to maintain cohesiveness

When is groupthink more likely?

the group overestimates its power and morality, group exhibits closed-mindedness, and the group exerts various kinds of pressure to ensure uniformity

What way does self-deception serve us

it serves as a way to feel better, to enhance one's abilities, and to more effectively manage day to day stresses of everyday life.

What are the 5 primary reasons for engaging in self-deception

1. enhance self-esteem and protect one's self-concept
2. reducing cognitive dissonance
3. enhance deception skills
4. preserve physical and/or mental health
5. enhance competitive performance

Do people usually have a high self-esteem or low self-esteem

high self-esteem

What is hindsight bias?

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (i knew all along thought), but in reality you would not know the outcome until after

why do people use self-deception to rewrite the past

to make yourself better about the present (think more negatively about the past then it actually)

What happens when people become nostalgic about positive event

they forget about the negative events

What is cognitive dissonance?

when performing an action that runs counter to one's positive self-conception. Acting unreasonably causes us discomfort

According to Festinger, what do we do when we experience cognitive dissonance

work to reduce it

How do we reduce cognitive dissonance?

1. stop behavior altogether 2. justify your behavior by changing one dissonant thoughts 3. adding new thoughts about your behavior that dampen the dissonance created by existing thoughts

Does engaging in self-deception make you better at deceiving others

yes

Liars that are less aware of their lies are \___

more likely to deceive other by projecting believable sincerity in their communication