Sociology 1000 - Test 2

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136 Terms

1

Group Definition - Groups and Organization

Interaction of two or more people based on common interest.

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2

Network - Groups and Organization

Web of social ties that links people that have little common identity or interaction.

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3

Organization - Groups and Organization

A large secondary group of people participating in a division of labor, coordinated leadership for shared goal.

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4

Close-Knit Networks - Groups and Organization

Everyone knows everyone else.

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5

Loose-Knit Networks - Groups and Organization

Only one person knows everyone else.

Other people don’t connect with each other? One person connect others who typically otherwise wouldn’t interact.

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6

Primary Groups - Groups and Organization

Small, Intimate, Long-Term. (eg. Family, Close Friends, etc)

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7

Secondary Groups - Groups and Organization

Larger, less personal, task-orientated (eg. workplace, schools)

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8

In-Groups - Groups and Organization

Groups we feel loyalty towards

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9

Out-Groups - Groups and Organization

Groups we feel opposition towards (Feeling could also be competition)

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10

Reference Groups - Groups and Organization

Groups we compare ourselves to for self-evaluation and improvement?

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11

Strong Ties - Groups and Organization

Close, personal relationships…like primary groups.

“Not who you know but, who knows YOU the most

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12

Weak Ties - Groups and Organization

Distant, less personal connections. Like secondary groups. Groups for career opportunities.

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13

Bonding - Groups and Organization

Strengthen relationships within a group.

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14

Bridging - Groups and Organization

Connecting different groups to spread information and resources.

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15

Informal Groups - Groups and Organization

No defined roles or goals

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16

Formal Groups - Groups and Organization

Explicit goals, roles, rules and responsibilities.

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17

Primary Groups - Groups and Organization

Small groups in which relationships are both personal and enduring

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18

Secondary Groups - Groups and Organization

Larger groups based on specific interest or activity.

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19

Dyads (Group Structure) - Groups and Organization

Groups of two (most intimate but the lest stable)

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20

Triads (Group Structure) - Groups and Organization

Groups of three (more stable but alliance(s) within the group)

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21

Larger Groups (Group Structure) - Groups and Organization

More stable but less personal

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22

Instrumental Leader - Groups and Organization

Focuses on tasks and efficiency

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23

Expressive Leader - Groups and Organization

Focuses on group harmony and emotional well-being…chemistry.

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24

Democratic Leader - Groups and Organization

Encourages group participation

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25

Authoritarian Leader - Groups and Organization

Centralized control, strict rules.

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26

Lassez-Fair Leader - Groups and Organization

Minimal interference, allow self-direction.

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27

Group Cohesion - Groups and Organization

Level of commitment and unity among members.

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28

Group Think - Groups and Organization

When pressure for conformity suppresses dissent and critical thinking.

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29

Formal Organization - Groups and Organization

Larger structured, goal orientated group

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30

Bureaucracy - Groups and Organization

An efficient, structured organization, to perform complex tasks efficiently.

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31

Types of Social Control - Groups and Organization

Coercive power

Utilitarian Power

Normative Power

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32

Alternatives of Control - Groups and Organization

Selection of member

Socialization on members

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33

Characteristics of Bureaucracy - Groups and Organization

  • Specialization: Each person has a specific role.

  • Hierarchy of positions: Clear chain of command.

  • Rules and regulations: Formal guidelines for operations.

  • Technical competence: People are hired based on skills.

  • Impersonal relations: Decisions based on rules, not personal connections.

  • Formal communication: Written records of decisions and actions.

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34

Problems with Bureaucracy- Groups and Organization

  • Waste and incompetence

  • Ritualism

  • Inertia

  • Alienation

  • Structured inequality

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35

Definition (Sex) - Human Sexuality

Physical differences between males and females

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36

Gender - Human Sexuality

Social expectations based on sex

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37

Sexual Identity - Human Sexuality

What someone feels like as…male or female

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38

Sexual Orientation - Human Sexuality

Who someone is attracted to

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39

Intersex Persons - Human Sexuality

Born with partial male AND female physical characteristics

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40

Homophobia - Human Sexuality

Irrational FEAR of homosexuality in others

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41

Heterosexism - Human Sexuality

Belifs that deny, deingrate or stigmatize non-heterosexual behaviour.

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42

Sexual Desires - Human Sexuality

A combination of objective physical responses

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43

Sexual Scripts - Human Sexuality

Learned guidelines (through society) for sexual behavior (when, where, how, etc)

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44

Sexual Harassment - Human Sexuality

Unwanted sexual comments, gestures or actions

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45

Sexual Violence (Sexual Assault) - Human Sexuality

Touching someone without consent.

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46

Sex Work - Human Sexuality

Prostitution, escorting, pornography

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47

Adultery - Human Sexuality

A married personal having sexual intercourse with anyone other than their spouse.

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48

Infidelity - Human Sexuality

Any action, sexual or not that is a breach of trust, etc

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49

Polyamory - Human Sexuality

Being in many relationships with consent of the people involved.

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50

Pornography - Human Sexuality

Any written, visual or spoken material that is sexually explicit or graphic and is arousing our intended to be arousing.

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51

Obscenity - Human Sexuality

Material considered offensive by society

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52

Erotica - Human Sexuality

Artistic depictions of sexuality

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53

Deviance - Deviance

Breaking social norms…not necessarily bad.

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54

Crime - Deviance

Breaking the law

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55

Social Control - Deviance

Ways society enforces behavior

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56

Absolutist - Deviance

Deviance is always wrong

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57

Relativist - Deviance

Deviance depends on society’s norms, which can change over time, starts with deviance though

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58

Societal Values and Norms - Deviance

People learn what is acceptable through what they see in others.

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59

Internalization of Norms - Deviance

People voluntarily follow rules

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60

Sanctions - Deviance

Society rewards conformity and punishes deviance.

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61

Positive Sanctions - Deviance

Rewards fro conformity

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62

Negative Sanctions - Deviance

Punishments for deviance

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63

Formal Sanctions - Deviance

Official punishments from institutes. (eg police, courts, suspension from work or something)

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64

Informal Sanctions - Deviance

Unofficial punishments from peers (eg gossip, insults, etc)

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65

Clarifies Moral Boundaries - Deviance

People learn what is acceptable by seeing others punished

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66

Strengthens Social Change - Deviance

Deviants challenge the systems and if there are any holes, they can be fixed.

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67

Strengthens Social Unity - Deviance

Groups unite against deviant behavior

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68

Acts as a Safe Valve - Deviance

Minor deviance prevents bigger social problems

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69

Selective Application of Norms and Laws - Deviance

The powerful define what is deviant and benifit from those definitions.

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70

Medicalization of Deviance - Deviance

Transforming moral/legal deviance into a medical issue. Instead of punishing drug users, we call them sick and send them to rehab.

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71

Labeling Theory - Deviance

Being labeled “Deviant” changes how others see you and consequently how you see yourself

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72

Labeling Theory - Deviance

  • Primary Deviance = The initial rule-breaking behavior, which doesn’t impact identity.

    • Example: A student cheats on one test but is still seen as a "good student."

  • Secondary Deviance = When a person accepts the deviant label and continues deviant behavior.

    • Example: A student labeled as a "cheater" keeps cheating because everyone expects them to.

  • Stigma = A powerful negative label that changes a person’s self-concept.

    • Example: Being labeled as a "criminal" can make it harder to get a job.

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73

Types of Crimes - Deviance

  • Consensus Crimes = Society agrees they are harmful (e.g., murder, assault).

  • Contested Crimes = Society debates if they should be crimes (e.g., drug use, prostitution).

  • White-Collar Crime = Financially motivated crimes by powerful people (e.g., fraud, tax evasion).

  • Corporate Crime = Crimes committed by businesses (e.g., pollution, false advertising).

  • Street Crime = Visible crimes like theft and assault.

  • Organized Crime = Criminal organizations like the Mafia.

  • Hate Crimes = Crimes motivated by race, religion, or sexual orientation.

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74

Moral Panics and Deviance - Deviance

  • Moral Panic = Widespread fear that a behavior threatens society.

    • Example: The "War on Drugs" exaggerated the dangers of marijuana.

    • Moral Crusaders = People who try to enforce moral laws (e.g., anti-abortion activists).

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75

Social Stratification - Social Class

The ranking of people into a hierarchy based on a system.

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76

Status and Role - Social Class

Basis for stratification. Ascribed or Achieved

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77

Closed Systems - Social Class

No Mobility (Slavery, Caste)

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78

Open Systems - Social Class

Some Mobility (Class System)

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79

Intergenerational Mobility - Social Class

A child moves into a different class than their parents.

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80

Intragenerational Mobility - Social Class

A child moves into a different class than their parents

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81

Vertical Mobility - Social Class

Moving up or down the class hierarchy

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82

Horizontal Mobility - Social Class

Changing jobs without changing social class

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83

Functionalist Perspective (Davis & Moore) - Social Class

  • Social inequality is necessary.

  • Society needs different roles filled, and some jobs are more important than others.

  • Higher rewards (money, prestige) attract people to important jobs.

    • Example: Doctors and engineers get paid more because their jobs require skill and education.

  • Criticism: Ignores how people are born into privilege (e.g., rich kids have advantages).

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84

Conflict Theory (Karl Marx) - Social Class

  • Social class is based on conflict between two groups:

    1. Bourgeoisie = The rich, who own businesses and exploit workers.

    2. Proletariat = The working class, who must sell their labor.

  • Capitalism leads to class struggle because:

    • The bourgeoisie control wages, profits, and production.

    • The proletariat is exploited and paid low wages.

    • The rich use ideology (media, education, laws) to stay in power.

    • Eventually, the workers will revolt and overthrow capitalism (Marx’s prediction).

  • Criticism: Overlooks middle class and ignores that capitalism allows social mobility.

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85

Max Weber’s Social Class Theory - Social Class

  • Weber expanded Marx’s idea and said class has three dimensions:

    1. Class (Wealth) = Economic position (income, assets).

    2. Status (Prestige) = Social honor or respect.

    3. Power (Influence) = The ability to control others.

  • Example: A teacher may not be rich (low class), but they have prestige (status) and influence over students (power).

  • Weber also introduced "Status Inconsistency" = When someone has high status in one area but low in another.

    • Example: A college professor has high prestige but low income

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86

Major Social Classes

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87

Absolute Poverty - Social Class

Not having basic necessities

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88

Relative Poverty - Social Class

Being poor compared to others in your society

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89

Gender Roles - Gender

Societal expectations for how men and women should behave/life day to day.

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90

Gender Stereotypes - Gender

Overly simple beliefs about what men and women are like.

Men are strong, women are emotional

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91

Gender Stratification - Gender

Unequal access of males and females to poverty, prestige and power.

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92

Glass Ceiling - Gender

Invisible barrier that prevents women from reaching the highest executive level.

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93

Glass Escalator - Gender

Fast-tracking men in women dominated occupations

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94

Glass Cellar- Gender

Men stuck in the most dangerous occupations

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95

Agents of Gender Socialization - Gender

  1. Parents = Treat boys and girls differently (e.g., "Boys don’t cry").

  2. Toys = Dolls vs. action figures reinforce gender roles.

  3. Media = Shows men as dominant and women as passive.

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96

Essentialism (Biological Determinism) - Gender

  • Gender differences are natural and based on biology.

    • Example: Men are aggressive because of testosterone.

  • Criticism: Ignores cultural and historical changes in gender roles.

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97

Social Constructionism (The Argument from Nurture) - Gender

  • Gender is learned from society.

    • Example: In some cultures, men wear dresses (e.g., kilts in Scotland).

  • Criticism: Ignores some biological influences.

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98

Feminist Theory - Gender

  • Gender inequality is deeply rooted in society.

  • Types of Feminism:

    1. Liberal Feminism = Seeks equal rights through policy changes.

    2. Radical Feminism = Wants to overthrow patriarchal systems.

    3. Intersectional Feminism = Examines how race, class, and gender interact.

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99

Gender and Media - Gender

  • Beauty Standards = Women are pressured to meet unrealistic appearance expectations.

  • Hypermasculinity = Men are taught to suppress emotions and act aggressively.

  • Sexualization of Women = Women in media are often portrayed as objects of desire.

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100

Race - Ethnicity and Racialized Groups

A social category based on physical traits

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