CHEMISTRY 1100 Exam 1

Heterogenous mixtures

You can see layers and components that make it up

names of rows in table

Periods

names of columns in tables

Groups

NH4

Ammonium

NH3

Ammonia

Ag

Silver

Pb

Lead

Cu

Copper

Fe

Iron

CH4

Methane

H2O2

Hydrogen Peroxide

HNO3

Nitric Acid

H2SO4

Sulfric Acids

HCl

Hydrochloric acid

HBr

Hydrobromic acid

HI

Hydroiodic acid

HClO4

Perchloric acid

HClO3

Chloric Acid

H2CO3 -

Carbonic acid

HPO4

Phosphoric acid

CN

Cyanide

OH

Hydroxide

NO3

Nitrate

PO4

Phosphate

CO3

Carbonate

SO4

Sulfate

S2

Sulfide

ClO4-

Perchlorate ion

ClO3-

Chlorate ion

ClO2-

Chlorite ion

ClO-

Hypochlorite ion

CrO4

Chromate

NO2

Nitrite

C2H6

Ethane

C3H8

Propane

C4H10F

Butane

Which two gases make up more than 95% of an inhaled breath?

O2 and N2

What is the primary component of an exhaled breath?

N2

Which component of the air makes up approximately 100 times more of an exhaled breath than of an inhaled breath?

CO2

Which component of the air is an element?

O2

A particular sample of air is 2.5% water vapor. Express the concentration of water vapor in parts per million (ppm).

25000 ppm

What two factors are considered when determining the risk assessment for air pollutants?

Toxicity and exposure

The burning of coal produces sulfur dioxide, SO2, a pollutant that slowly reacts in air to form SO3. Sulfur trioxide dissolves into airborne water droplets to form a very corrosive solution of sulfuric acid. Which is a product of burning coal that hastens the transformation of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide?

particles of ash

A(n) __________ is a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement.

molecule

Catalytic converters reduce the amount of ________ in car exhaust.

CO

Which photons have more energy, those in the in fared or the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum?

Visible light

Which color in the rainbow has the shortest wavelength?

blue or violet

Which is correct?

- Ozone forms by combining an oxygen atom with an oxygen molecule.

- There is a dynamic steady state of ozone in the stratosphere.

- UV radiation will dissociate ozone into an oxygen atom and an oxygen molecule.

- All of these choices are correct.

- All of these choices are correct.

HFCs may be used to replace CFCs. Which compound is a HFC?

CF3CH2F

The speed of light in air

- depends only on the frequency of the light.

- depends only on the wavelength of light.

- is independent of the wavelength and frequency of light.

- depends on both the wavelength and the frequency of light.

- is independent of the wavelength and frequency of light.

DNA, the genetic material of living organisms, is damaged by light in the

ultraviolet region, especially below a wavelength of 320 nm.

The ozone hole is most prominent on the Earth over

Antarctica

The nucleus of an atom contains

protons and electrons only

The mass number of an isotope of an element is the

sum of the number of its protons and neutrons

Free radicals are

highly reactive chemical species.

species with unpaired electrons.

species such as H• and •OH.

Chlorofluorocarbons rise to the stratosphere and

interact with UV energy to produce free radicals that destroy ozone.

Halons differ from CFCs in that the atoms of ______ replace some ______ atoms.

bromine; chlorine

Yellow light has a wavelength of 580 nm. What is the frequency of this light?

5.17 × 1014 s¯1

WUKF FM transmits at 93.5 MHz. What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation that carries the station's signal?

3.21 m

UV-B radiation has a frequency of approximately 1017 s¯1. What is the energy of a photon of this light?

6.63 × 10¯17 J

Which region of the ultraviolet spectrum is absorbed least by the atmosphere?

UV- A

Which product of the ultraviolet decomposition of CFCs acts as the catalyst for ozone decomposition?

chlorine atoms

HCFCs have been developed to replace CFCs as refrigerants. Which property of these new compounds makes them environmentally superior to CFCs?

Greater reactivity leads to decomposition at elevations below the stratospheric ozone concentration maximum.

Why are HFCs environmentally superior to the currently used HCFCs?

HFCs do not contain chlorine.

In what year will all production and importation of HCFCs end in the United States?

2015

What is the role of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) on the destruction of ozone?

Chemical reactions occur on the clouds that convert molecules that do no damage to those that deplete ozone.

What is special about the South Pole versus the North Pole that leads to ozone depletion only at the south Pole?

Polar stratospheric clouds form almost exclusively at the South Pole.

Which of the following is most biologically damaging type of radiation?

UV-C

Determine the shape or geometry of PH3. (Hint: Use the Periodic Table to arrive at the electron configuration for phosphorous.)

trigonal pyramid

Neither N2 nor O2 are greenhouse gases because

their overall electric charge distribution does not change when they vibrate.

Calculate the mass of 2.50 × 104 molecules of nitrogen gas.

1.16 × 10¯18 g

Find the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O.

46.07 g/mol

Determine the molar mass for fluoxetine (C16H16F3NO), also known as Prozac®.

295.3 g/mol

How many atoms are present in 0.375 mol of palladium (Pd) atoms?

2.26 × 1023

Which process plays the most important role in the greenhouse effect?

Energy radiated by the earth is absorbed by the atmosphere.

Which explanation accounts for the fact that, on average, cloudy nights are warmer than clear nights?

Clouds are composed of water vapor and H2O is a strong greenhouse gas.

The greenhouse effect refers to the process by which

atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by Earth.

The O-to-O-to-O bond angle in an ozone (O3) molecule is not exactly 120° because

the nonbonding electron pair occupies greater space than the bonding pairs.

In order to make useful predictions, which factors must be accounted for by climatic models?

I. Cooling effect of atmospheric aerosols

II. Smoke, haze, and cloud cover

III. Change in land use

IV. Combustion of fossil fuels

I, II, III, and IV

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued a report in 2007 that attached probabilities to the predictions and statements made. Which prediction/statement was considered "Very Unlikely"?

The observed warming over the past 100 years is due solely to climatic variability.

Ethanol (C2H6O) is a common intoxicant and fuel produced from the fermentation of various grains. How many moles of ethanol are represented by 50.0 kg of ethanol?

1.09 × 103 mol

LP gas (liquid propane, C3H8) is the fuel used in gas grills as well as a main source of heat energy for many rural residences. What is the mass of 5.83 × 1017 molecules of liquid propane?

4.27 × 10¯5 g

What is the effect of the absorption of infrared energy on matter?

It increases the vibration of chemical bonds.

Which country has the highest per capita emission of carbon dioxide?

U.S.

Which occurrences or processes are expected to reduce the level of atmospheric carbon?

I. Decaying plant and animal remains

II. The growth of trees

III. Formation of carbonate rock in the ocean

IV. Animal respiration

2 and 3 only

The carbon cycle refers to the

movement of carbon through living organisms, the atmosphere, the sea, and the earth.

The most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere is:

H2O vapor

The majority of N2O molecules in the atmosphere come from

bacterial removal of nitrate ions (NO3¯) from soil.

Land use changes have a big impact on global warming because of their effect on albedo. Albedo

is the ratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected by a surface to the amount of radiation hitting that surface.

The Industrial Revolution is a key point in the Earth's atmospheric history because

prior to that time large deposits of petroleum and coal were not being used as energy sources.

The internationally accepted atomic mass standard is carbon-12 because this isotope

was arbitrarily selected as a convenient standard.

Calculate the mass of 25,000 molecules of nitrogen gas. (1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 molecules)

1.16 × 10-18 g

How does light behave?

Like a particle and a wave

Where is the ozone found?

The stratosphere

Which product of the UV decomposition acts as a catalyst for ozone decomposition

chlorine

You wear sunscreen on your skin in order for the sunscreen to _____

Reflect visible radiation and UV-B radiation

Which is/are part of the Chapman cycle in the stratosphere

Ozone is removed by an interaction with UV radiation and it reacts with oxygen atoms to form oxygen molecules

Ozone in our atmosphere is important because it

absorbs UV radiation

Two isotopes of a particular element differ from one another by the number of

neutrons