CPT Section 3

Define the human movement system (HMS).

muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems

Define kinetic chain.

how muscles, bones, joints, and nerves are linked together (chain) to form movement (kinetic)

Define the nervous system.

a network of nerves that transmits information within the human body

What are some functions of the nervous system?

providing sensory information, stimulating movement, keeping heart and organs functioning

Define neuron.

specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system

What are the three parts of a neuron?

axon, cell body, and dendrites

What is an axon?

cylindrical projection that transmits nervous impulses to other neurons

What is the function of an axon?

provides communication from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body

What is the function of a dendrite?

gathers information and transmits it back to the neuron

What are the four primary electrolytes needed for the nervous system?

potassium, sodium, magnesium, water

What is the purpose of the neuron’s cell body?

contains nucleus and organelles

What is the central nervous system (CNS) made of and what is its function?

brain and spinal cord; coordinates activity of all parts of the body

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) made of and what is its function?

nerves; helps CNS receive sensory input, translate information, and send a response to the rest of the body

What is the afferent pathway?

sensory pathway that relays information from the body to the CNS

What is the efferent pathway?

relays information from the CNS to the rest of the body

What are interneurons?

neurons located within spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons

What are mechanoreceptors?

respond to touch and pressure (mechanical forces)

What is the somatic nervous system?

allows you to move and control muscles throughout your body

What is the autonomic nervous system?

controls the involuntary processes of the body

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

“fight or flight”

What is the parasympathetic system?

“rest and digest”

Define sensory function.

the ability of the nervous system to sense change in the internal or external environment

Define proprioception.

the body’s ability to sense its general orientation and position of all its parts

Define integrative function.

the ability of the CNS to interpret sensory information and allow for the proper response

Define motor function.

the body’s response to integrated sensory information (via the efferent pathway)

What are some examples of mechanoreceptors?

muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors

What are muscle spindles?

sensory receptors within muscles that are used to detect change in muscle length and rate of length change

What is the stretch reflex?

muscle spindle response that prevents overstretching and muscle damage

What is the Golgi tendon organ?

sensory receptors located at the muscle fiber/tendon insertion; senses tension placed on the muscle

What is a joint receptor?

injury prevention; signal extreme joint positions and inhibit muscular response if too much stress is placed on the joint

Define neuroplasticity.

the concept that the brain is always changing and growing

Define neurocircuitry.

the interconnections of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

What are the three stages of motor skill development?

cognitive, associative, and autonomous

Define the cognitive stage of motor development.

stage 1: learning the skill; goals of skill are understood and skill is performed inconsistently

Define the associative stage of motor development.

stage 2: beginning to understand the skill; skill is performed with less error

Define the autonomous stage of motor development.

stage 3: skill is mastered; skill is performed consistently with no error

What is the function of the skeletal system?

provides support and protects internal organs

Define joint.

where two bones meet; where movement occurs because of muscle contraction

What makes up the axial skeleton?

skull, rib cage, and vertebral column (80 bones)

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

arms and legs (126 bones)

What is the function of bones?

act as levers for movement (muscles pull on bones, bones produce movement), provide support (posture)

Define remodeling (bones).

process that consists of resorption and formation of the bone structure

What is the function of an osteoclast?

break down and remove old bone tissue

What is the function of an osteoblast?

form and lay down new bone tissue

What is Wolff’s law?

bones adapt and change due to stress placed on them

Define long bones.

long, cylindrical shaft with irregular or widened ends (humerus, femur)

Define short bones.

similar in length and width and appear cubical in shape (carpals, tarsals)

Define flat bones.

thin, protective surfaces that provide broad surfaces for muscles to attach (scapulae, sternum, ribs)

Define irregular bones.

unique shape and function from all other bone types (vertebrae, sacrum)

Define sesamoid bones.

small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found where a tendon passes over a joint (patella)

Define bone depressions.

flattened or indented portions of the bone; aka fossa

Define sulcus.

a groove in a bone that allows soft tissue to pass through

Define bone process.

projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments attach (aka condyle, epicondyle, tubercle, trochanter)

Where are condyles located?

inner and outer portions at the bottom of the femur and top of the tibia (knee joint)

Where are the epicondyles located?

inner and outer portions of the humerus (elbow joint)

Where are the tubercles located?

top of the humerus at the shoulder joint (attachments for shoulder musculature)

Where are the trochanters located?

top of the femur (attachments for hip musculature)

What is the cervical spine?

C1-C7; provide support and motion for the head

What is the thoracic spine?

T1-T12; is an anchor for the ribs (each vertebra attaches to a rib)

What is the lumbar spine?

L1-L5; support most of the body’s weight and attach to many back muscles

How many bones are in the sacrum?

5

How many bones are in the coccyx?

3-5

What is the function of the intervertebral discs?

shock absorption, allow spine to move

What are the three major spine curvatures?

concave cervical curve (rounded inward), convex thoracic curve (rounded outward), concave lumbar curve (rounded inward)

Define osteokinematics.

the description of bone movement (flexion and extension)

Define arthrokinematics.

the description of joint movement (roll, slide or glide, and spin)

What is a rolling joint movement?

one joint rolls across the surface of another (like a tire on the street)

What is a sliding joint movement?

one joint surface slides across another (like a skidding tire)

What is a spinning joint movement?

one joint surface rotates on another (like twisting a lid off a jar)

What is a gliding joint?

move back and forth or side to side

What is a condyloid joint?

made of an egg-shaped bone that fits into a similarly shaped cavity; move front to back and side to side

Define synovial joint.

a joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule

Define nonaxial.

a gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side

What is a hinge joint?

uniaxial; allows movement in one direction

What is a saddle joint?

one bone looks like a saddle while the other sits in it like a rider; two-directional movement

Define nonsynovial joints.

joints with no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage (ex. skull sutures)

Define ligament.

fibrous tissues that connect bone to bone and provide static and dynamic stability & sensory input to the nervous system that aids proprioception

Define collagen.

protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure; most abundant protein in human body

Define elastin.

protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures

Define growth plate.

specialized cartilage disc located in epiphysis that is responsible for bone length growth

What factors affect peak bone mass?

environmental, dietary, hormonal, lifestyle, physical activity, genetic influences

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

contract and produce movement, support skeletal system, and produce heat

Define fascia.

first layer of connective tissue in bone; surrounds skeletal muscles & connects them to other muscles

Define epimysium.

layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle; “deep fascia”

Define fascicles.

largest bundles of muscle fibers

Define perimysium.

connective tissue that wraps around each fascicle

Define endomysium.

surrounds individual muscle fibers

Define sarcomere.

the structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines

Define myofibril.

contractile components of a muscle cell

Define myofilaments

the filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin

Know the order of a muscle anatomy flowchart.

muscle → fascicle → muscle fiber → myofibril → sarcomere → myofilament

Define neural activation.

the nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract

Define neuromuscular junction.

the site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers

Define synapse.

a junction/small gap between motor neuron and muscle cells

Define motor unit.

a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Define action potential.

nerve impulse relayed from CNS to PNS to neuromuscular junction

What are the steps of excitation-contraction coupling?

1. action potential is caused by Na+ and K+

2. acetylcholine is released into neuromuscular junction

3. nerve impulse travels, stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca2+

4. myosin & actin are stimulated, causing muscle contraction

What are the two major chemicals involved in excitation-contraction?

calcium and acetylcholine

What are characteristics of type-1 muscle fibers?

small, fatigue-resistant, slow contraction, increased oxygen delivery (ex. postural or stabilization muscles)

What are characteristics of type-2 muscle fibers?

large, fatigue prone, quick force generation, decreased oxygen delivery