Chemistry Semester 1 All Units

Chemistry

The study of the structure, properties, composition and changes matter undergoes

Chemical

Any shape that has a definite composition

Organic Chemistry

All things that contain carbon

Inorganic Chemistry

All things that do not contain carbon

Physical Chemistry

Chemistry that studies energy relationships

Biochemistry

Chemical processes that occur inside a living organism

Analytical Chemistry

Analyzing how substances perform

Theoretical Chemistry

Predicting how a substance will perform

Extensive properties

A property that does not depend on the amount of matter

Intensive property

A property that changes based on the amount of matter

Chemical properties

Related to a substance's ability to undergo transformations that will change it into a new substance

Reactant

Any substance that reacts

Product

The final substance that emerges from a reaction

Periodic Table

Organized in rows and columns

Accuracy

How close measurements are to each other

Precision

How close a measurement is to the goal

Isotope

A different version of an atom with the same protons, different neutron number

Ion

An atom with a non-neutral charge

Cation

Positive charge (lost electron(s))

Anion

Negative charge (gained electron(s))

Mass number

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Relative Atomic Mass

A small ratio that stands for the weight

Real Mass

The actual mass of an atom in kg

Weighted average atomic mass

The average mass of an element including all isotopes

Molar Mass

The mass in grams of 1 mole of said element

Nuclear Fusion

The combining of two small massed nuclei to create one larger massed nucleus

Nuclear Fission

The separation of a large massed nucleus into two smaller massed nuclei

Dalton's Atomic Theory

Matter is a permanent thing that cannot be created or destroyed, however it is divisible

Trace elements

Elements that make up the last 3% of the human body composition, like zinc and potassium

Decay

When a nucleus is breaking down and disappearing

Half-life

How long it takes for half of an element to breakdown in a logarithmic pattern

Alpha Radiation

2 protons, 2 neutrons; Heavy, slow; Positive Charge; Cannot penetrate skin, stops at paper

Beta Radiation

Fast moving electrons; Lighter and faster than alpha particles; Negative charge; Ex. Carbon-14

Gamma Radiation

No mass; No Charge; A Photon; Very penetrating, requires lots of lead or lots of concrete

Chemical Stability

Involves the electrons

Nuclear Stability

About the protons and neutrons; The correct nucleon ratio; >1.5

Examples of medical radiation uses

X-rays, CT scans, radiation therapy (cancer)

Examples of agriculture radiation uses

Food irradiation, sterilizing pests

Atomic Bombs

Fission

Solar Flares

Fusion

Power plants

Fission is much more common however research is being done for fusion

Nuclides

Any atom with a specific number of protons and neutrons

Radioisotopes

An isotope of an element that has an unstable nucleus

Wave-particle duality

Matter acts as either a wave or a particle

Bohr's Model

A model of the atom that describes electrons in fixed orbits

Quantum Model

A model of the atom that describes electrons in terms of probabilities

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

You cannot determine the exact location and speed of an electron because they are too fast and too tiny

Schrodinger's Wave Equation

Describes and helps calculate the different levels of the atom

Principal quantum number

Energy levels

Angular Momentum quantum number

Shapes

Magnetic quantum number

Which axis they fall on

Spin quantum number

Which direction the electron is going

S sublevel

Sphere shaped

P sublevel

Dumbbell shaped

D sublevel

Clover shaped

F sublevel

Cannot be drawn

Aufbau principle

Electrons enter orbitals of the lowest energy level first and orbitals within a sublevel are of equal energy

Pauli Exclusion principle

Orbitals can only hold 2 electrons and electrons in the same orbital spin opposite ways

Hund's rule

Electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy and one electron enters each orbital until all orbitals contain one electron spinning the same way

Atomic Radius

½ the distance between the nuclei of IDENTICAL atoms that are bonded together

Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove 1 electron from a neutrally charged atom of an element

Electron Affinity

A natural liking or sympathy for something; Essentially, how much an atom wants to reach an octet

Cations

An ion with a positive charge

Anions

An ion with a negative charge

Non-reactive

Doesn't react with other elements

Octet

An atom with 8 valence electrons

Valence electrons

The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

Chemical Families

Columns of elements that share similar chemical and physical properties