ap bio vocab

Organic Chemistry

study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).

Hydrocarbons

an organic molecule made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Isomers

organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure and therefore different properties. The 3 types are structural isomers, geometric isomers and enantiomers.

Structural Isomers

compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Geometric Isomers

compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.

Enantiomers

molecules that are mirror images of each other

Functional Groups

components (specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeleton) of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Hydroxyl Group

a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond(—OH), which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of a molecule. Molecules possessing this group are water soluble and called alcohols.

Alcohols

organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups.

Carbonyl Group

a functional group present in aldehydes and ketones consisting of an oxygen atom double bonded to a carbon atom.

Aldehydes

an organic molecule with a carbonyl group at the end (terminal) of the carbon skeleton.

Ketones

Name of carbonyl compound when it is within the C-skeleton

Carboxyl Group

a functional group present in organic acids consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.(—COOH)

Carboxylic acid

organic acids; compounds containing a carboxyl group.

Amino Group

(—NH2) a functional group composed of nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton. Can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.

Amines

organic compounds with one or more amino groups.

Sulfhydryl Group

(—SH) a functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.

Thiols

organic compounds containing sulfahydryl groups.

Phosphate Group

a functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms and is important in energy transfer.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell.

alcohol

Organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups.

aldehyde

An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.

amine

An organic compound with one or more amino groups.

amino group

A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.

carbonyl group

A functional group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

carboxlyic acid

An organic compound containing a carboxyl group.

carboxyl group

A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.

enantiomers

Molecules that are mirror images of each other.

functional group

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.

geometric isomer

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.

hydrocarbon

An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

hydroxyl group

A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.

isomer

One of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types of isomers are structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers.

ketone

An organic compound with a carbonyl group of which the carbon atom is bonded to two other carbons.

organic chemistry

The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).

phosphate group

A functional group important in energy transfer.

structural isomer

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

sulfhydryl group

A functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (—SH).

thiol

Organic compounds containing sulfhydryl groups.