Studied by 3 people
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two nuclei
How many nuclei are shared within a bonding orbital?
equally
how are the electrons in a bonding orbital shared if the nuclei are identical?
one pair of electrons
how many electrons does hydrofluoric acid (HF) share?
because in HF the fluorine nucleus has so many more protons
it strongly attracts that electrons
in HF the electrons spend more time around the fluorine atom so it
behaves as if it is slightly or partially negatively charged
δ- or δ+
the symbol in biochemistry that indicates a slight negative charge or slight positive charge
in HF the electrons spend less time around the hydrogen atom and it
causes it to behave as if it is slightly or partially positively charged
polar covalent bonds
a type of covalent bond where the shared electrons are not equally distributed between the atoms involved
non-polar covalent bonds
covalent bonds that share equally such as in hydrogen gas
the atoms in a non polar covalent bond
do not have partial charges
electronegativity
the ability of an atom’s nucleus to attract electrons
to compare the electronegativity of each atom in a NON-POLAR bond
there must be a different between the atoms to equal to or less than 0.5
to compare the electronegativity of each atom is in a POLAR COVALENT BOND
there must be a different between the atoms of 0.5 or greater
atoms with higher electronegativity
are partially negative
atoms with lower electro negativity
are partially positive
water is a molecule built from
polar covalent bonds
the molecule is dissolved in water when
it forms hydrogen bonds with any ionic or polar covalent molecule
ions in ionic bonds are held together by the
electrical attraction between the positive ion and the negative ion
when ionic compounds dissolve in water
hydrogen bonds with weaken the electrical attraction between the two atoms
covalent bonds typically
do not break apart in water but polar covalent molecules do
hydrophillic
the term used for any molecule that can dissolve in water
hydrophobic
term for non-polar molecules that do not dissolve in water (ex. oil and water)
fats or fat-based
in living cells, most non-polar molecules are
polar molecules can dissolve
other polar molecules but not non-polar molecules
non-polar molecules can dissolve
other non-polar molecules but not polar molecules
water is NOT
the only molecule that forms hydrogen bonds, compared to other covalent bonds, they are weak!
due to hydrogen bonds being easy to form and break
cells can use them to temporarily stick molecules together and then unstick them (ex. DNA)
acids
release hydrogen ions when interacting with water
bases
attract and absorb hydrogen ions from water
negative bases
have atoms with negative charges, when they absorb hydrogen ions they become neutral
neutral bases
have atoms with lone pairs of electrons, is not in a covalent bond, when they absorb hydrogen ions, they become positively charged
pH scale
the scale that measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14. pH of 7 is considered neutral, the lower the pH is the more acidic it is.
what happens when the bonding orbital becomes distorted?
the electrons or protons end up spending more time on the side of the molecule that holds the opposite charge
