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Qualify / Qualified
To limit a claim; a qualified claim has been limited in its scope to make it more reasonable.
Implicit Premise
An assumption or general principle that is not explicitly stated.
Counterargument
An argument against a given point, usually presented to discredit something.
A Given Conclusion
Not necessarily the overall conclusion of the stimulus; could refer to another conclusion discussed by the author.
Provide Evidence
To give reasons for something.
Counter Assertions
Arguments made against something that suggest its conclusion is incorrect.
Questions the Adequacy of a Conclusion
States that the conclusion being discussed has not been proven.
Phenomenon / Phenomena
A thing; do not complicate it beyond that.
A Distinction
A difference between two things, usually pointed out by someone.
An Instance
A specific example of something being discussed.
Refute
To tear down someone else’s argument.
Appeals To
Looks to something to support their point.
Clarify
To make clearer.
Purported
Something that is claimed to be true, but might not be true.
A Principle Does Not Apply
A rule is not relevant and cannot be used in this specific situation.
Something Applies
Something is relevant and can be used in this specific situation.
Sole
Only one.
Offer a Corresponding
To provide something in another situation that is similar to something in this situation.
Corresponds To
Acts similarly to something else in a different situation.
On the Basis Of
Comparisons using how two things are the same or different to prove your conclusion.
As a Basis For
As a foundation to argue from.
Disanalogous
Not similar.
Contending That
Arguing that.
Supposition / Presupposition
An assumption that is taken for granted.
Infers
Assumes something based on evidence.
Guarantee the Truth / Falsity
To prove something 100% true or false.
Question the Sufficiency of Evidence
To question whether there’s enough evidence to prove the point.
Remains Unexplained
Indicates that we still don’t know about something.
Merely
Only; implies that the thing it’s attached to is probably not enough to do what we need.
Inconsistent Statements
Two statements that contradict one another.
Proposition
A statement.
Supposed
Poorly assumed; usually used as an adjective to throw shade.
Demonstrating That
Using evidence to show that something is true.
Restates
Repeats.
Treats an X as a Y
Pretends that X is Y to try to prove their conclusion.
A Property
A quality or characteristic of a thing.
Scope
The world of whatever you’re talking about; going outside the scope of an argument means going off into irrelevancy.
Reasoning from X to Y
"From" introduces a premise; "to" introduces a conclusion.