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Does OBESITY play a role in cancer?
yes, increases risk for inflammation
What happens in promotion when there are changes in GENE EXPRESSION?
increase in ODC
TGFa and b
interleukins etc.
What happens in promotion regarding HYPERPLASIA?
increase in proliferation
differentiation
What is the TWO-HIT HYPOTHESIS?
two hits or mutations are necessary to inactivate both alleles of a tumor suppressor gene
What is the FIRST HIT?
inherited mutation (germline) or acquired (somatic)
What is the SECOND HIT?
mutation occurs in a somatic cell leading to complete inactivation of a TS gene
What is LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY?
loss of one allele of a gene where the other allele was already inactivated or mutated
What can LOH lead to?
inactivation of tumor suppressor genes
What is INITATION in LOH?
genetic mutation or damage occurs in a cell
What is PROMOTION in LOH?
cell with initial mutation undergoes clonal expansion, increasing likelihood of additional genetic changes
What is PROGRESSION in LOH?
LOH can occur and lead to inactivation of TS
In the context of MULTISTAGE CARCINOGENESIS, which event must occur first?
initiation
Which xenobiotic was responsible for increased SCROTAL cancer in chimney sweeps in the 1700s?
PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons)
What is a PESTICIDE?
chemical used to kill, repel, or control forms of animal and plant life seen to damage or be a nuisance to agriculture/domestic life
What are the 3 KINDS of pesticides?
herbicides
insecticides
fungicides
What is a HERBICIDE?
chemical that destroys/controls weeds/ unwanted vegetation
What is an INSECTICIDE?
a chemical used to kill/control insects
What is a FUNGICIDE?
chemical used to kill/control fungi
What are PLASTICIZERS/PTHALATES?
chemicals that are added to materials to make them softer, more flexible, and less viscous
What are some COMMON pthalates?
plastics
food packaging
toys
medical devices
