VIBS 222: Multistage Carcinogenesis/ Endocrine Disruptors

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20 Terms

1

Does OBESITY play a role in cancer?

yes, increases risk for inflammation

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2

What happens in promotion when there are changes in GENE EXPRESSION?

increase in ODC

TGFa and b

interleukins etc.

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3

What happens in promotion regarding HYPERPLASIA?

increase in proliferation

differentiation

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4

What is the TWO-HIT HYPOTHESIS?

two hits or mutations are necessary to inactivate both alleles of a tumor suppressor gene

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5

What is the FIRST HIT?

inherited mutation (germline) or acquired (somatic)

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6

What is the SECOND HIT?

mutation occurs in a somatic cell leading to complete inactivation of a TS gene

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7

What is LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY?

loss of one allele of a gene where the other allele was already inactivated or mutated

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8

What can LOH lead to?

inactivation of tumor suppressor genes

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9

What is INITATION in LOH?

genetic mutation or damage occurs in a cell

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10

What is PROMOTION in LOH?

cell with initial mutation undergoes clonal expansion, increasing likelihood of additional genetic changes

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11

What is PROGRESSION in LOH?

LOH can occur and lead to inactivation of TS

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12

In the context of MULTISTAGE CARCINOGENESIS, which event must occur first?

initiation

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13

Which xenobiotic was responsible for increased SCROTAL cancer in chimney sweeps in the 1700s?

PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons)

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14

What is a PESTICIDE?

chemical used to kill, repel, or control forms of animal and plant life seen to damage or be a nuisance to agriculture/domestic life

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15

What are the 3 KINDS of pesticides?

herbicides

insecticides

fungicides

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16

What is a HERBICIDE?

chemical that destroys/controls weeds/ unwanted vegetation

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17

What is an INSECTICIDE?

a chemical used to kill/control insects

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18

What is a FUNGICIDE?

chemical used to kill/control fungi

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19

What are PLASTICIZERS/PTHALATES?

chemicals that are added to materials to make them softer, more flexible, and less viscous

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20

What are some COMMON pthalates?

plastics

food packaging

toys

medical devices

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