Digestive Function and Disorders

These flashcards cover important concepts related to liver and pancreatic physiology, digestive disorders, and clinical manifestations associated with these conditions.

What is one of the primary functions of the liver regarding bilirubin?

The liver converts unconjugated bilirubin to conjugated bilirubin.

What is the function of albumin produced by the liver?

Albumin maintains plasma oncotic pressure, retaining water in the plasma.

What do complement proteins in the liver do?

Complement proteins opsonize bacteria to promote phagocytosis and lysis of foreign organisms.

How does the liver help in detoxifying ammonia?

The liver converts ammonia into urea to prevent cell injury.

What is the hepatic portal system?

A system where all venous blood from digestive organs passes through the liver before returning to the heart.

What is portal hypertension?

Increased blood pressure within the hepatic portal vein leading to complications in the liver.

How do liver enzymes alter in response to hepatocyte injury?

Liver enzymes such as ALT, AST, and ALP are elevated during hepatocyte injury.

What role does the pancreas play in digestion?

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and hormones that regulate blood glucose levels.

What are the main types of diarrhea?

Osmotic, secretory, and motility diarrhea.

What are the potential clinical consequences of constipation?

Abdominal cramping, difficulty passing stool, and complications like fecal impaction.

What characterizes gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Reflux of hydrochloric acid and gastric enzymes into the esophagus.

What complications can arise from GERD?

Lower esophageal strictures and Barrett's esophagus.

What is a common cause of peptic ulcer disease?

H. pylori infection is responsible for 75% of cases.

What is the pathophysiology behind alcoholic cirrhosis?

Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption leads to liver cell injury, inflammation, and fibrosis.

What are some long-term effects of chronic pancreatitis?

Malnutrition, weight loss, and possible development of type I diabetes mellitus.