chapters 1-8

Which brain structure is most directly involved in forming new episodic memories?

Hippocampus

In Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment, what was the neutral stimulus before conditioning?

Bell sound

According to the scientific method, hypotheses are best described as:

A testable prediction

The neurotransmitter most strongly linked to pleasure and reward experiences is:

Dopamine

Which of the following best describes the function of the myelin sheath?

Insulates the axon and speeds up electrical signals

What is the term for failure to notice a fully visible object because attention is directed elsewhere?

Inattentional blindness

Which theory explains that emotional experiences come from the body's physiological responses first?

James-Lange theory

Semantic encoding improves memory because it:

Links new information to meaningful concepts

In operant conditioning, negative reinforcement involves:

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior

A flashbulb memory is best described as:

A vivid recollection of an emotionally significant event

Habituation occurs when an organism:

Stops responding to a repeated, unchanging stimulus

The concept of stimulus generalization is best shown when:

A child fears all white, furry animals after fearing a white rat

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in reducing anxiety?

GABA

Top-down processing is most closely associated with:

Goal-directed, experience-based perception

The scientific method values which of the following most?

Objective, empirical evidence

Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning because it:

Involves voluntary behaviors shaped by consequences

An example of procedural memory is:

Knowing how to ride a bicycle

According to arousal theory, stronger emotions typically result in:

Stronger memory formation

In observational learning, learning occurs primarily through:

Watching and imitating others

A primary reinforcer satisfies a:

Biological need

Stimulus discrimination is demonstrated when:

A dog salivates only to the specific tone it was trained on

Semantic networks are used in long-term memory to:

Organize memories by association of concepts

A case study primarily provides:

Deep insights into an individual case

Genotype refers to:

Genetic makeup of an individual

Chunking is a memory strategy that involves:

Organizing information into manageable units

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with learning and memory enhancement?

Glutamate

The brain structure that regulates emotion-driven memories (such as fear memories) is the:

Amygdala

The difference threshold (just noticeable difference) changes depending on:

Stimulus intensity

Elizabeth Loftus is best known for research on:

The misinformation effect and memory distortions

Which term refers to adding a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior?

Positive punishment

According to Weber’s law, the ability to detect a stimulus change depends on:

A constant proportion of the original stimulus

Flashbulb memories are very vivid, but they are:

Still vulnerable to distortion and reconstruction

The process by which sensory information is converted into neural activity is called:

Transduction

A secondary reinforcer gets its power through:

Association with a primary reinforcer

The all-or-none principle in neural communication means that:

A neuron fires fully or not at all

Which best explains the self-reference effect?

Information connected to oneself is better remembered

Sensory adaptation explains why we often:

Stop noticing constant stimuli over time

In research, an idea is testable only if it is:

Falsifiable

Range of reaction suggests that:

Genes set limits, environment determines expression

Which is an example of operant conditioning and not classical conditioning?

Getting extra credit for submitting homework early

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely impair which of the following?

Ability to form new episodic memories

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with mood regulation and appetite control?

Serotonin

Which concept best explains why a mother can wake up to a baby's soft cry but not a loud street noise?

Signal detection theory

Which type of learning includes both conscious and unconscious components, depending on observation?

Observational learning

Which schedule of reinforcement produces the highest rate of response that is also very resistant to extinction?

Variable ratio

The ability to detect a candle flame 30 miles away on a clear night refers to:

Absolute threshold

Which neurotransmitter excites and enhances learning and memory?

Glutamate

When you fail to remember something because you never really paid attention to it, it is called:

Encoding failure

In the Little Albert experiment, the white rat eventually became a:

Conditioned stimulus

A reflex is:

A simple, automatic response to a stimulus

If a behavior decreases because a pleasant stimulus is removed, what occurred?

Negative punishment

The idea that some parts of the brain can compensate when other parts are damaged is known as:

Equipotentiality hypothesis

The conversion of a sensory stimulus to a neural signal is called:

Transduction

The best example of shaping behavior is:

Teaching a dog to roll over by rewarding successive steps

The first person to be referred to as a psychologist, founding structuralism, was:

Wilhelm Wundt

Which psychologist focused on studying the whole mind instead of parts (functionalism)?

William James

Learning to fear a white rat and then also fearing a white rabbit is an example of:

Stimulus generalization

The primary neurotransmitter associated with relaxation and inhibition is:

GABA

What is the scientific term for the 'strengthening' of synaptic connections over time?

Long-term potentiation

What brain area gives memories emotional meaning, especially fear?

Amygdala

Positive punishment is best described as:

Adding something unpleasant to decrease a behavior

The "what pathway" in vision is primarily responsible for:

Object recognition

A vivid but not always accurate memory of a major event is called a:

Flashbulb memory

Which term refers to stored knowledge about words, concepts, and facts?

Semantic memory

Which perspective criticizes early psychology's male biases and pushes for diversity?

Feminist psychology

When people alter or misremember past events based on new information, it is called:

Misinformation effect

What is the term for the belief that traits are inherited, but environment shapes expression?

Range of reaction

The phenomenon where neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the neuron that released them is:

Reuptake

Classical conditioning primarily involves:

Associating two stimuli together

Which research method involves studying the same people over long periods?

Longitudinal research

A mnemonic device primarily helps with which process?

Encoding information into memory

The theory that emotions follow physiological responses is:

James-Lange theory

Which neurotransmitter is the major player in the brain’s reward system?

Dopamine

Which type of processing is driven by prior knowledge and expectations?

Top-down processing

Which brain region is important for processing and recognizing sensory stimuli?

Pre